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prevented him from reaching the UK, but facilitated his removal from France to Nigeria.8 In regards to international agencies, the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human


Trafficking (UN.GIFT) has been working with the private sector, academia and civil society to develop partnerships to combat human trafficking. According to the


recent evaluation of UN.GIFT, some of the partnerships and initiatives that have been established to combat human trafficking include agreements with Air Canada and Qatar Airlines to train staff and disseminate information about combating human trafficking9


. The


International Organisation of Migration (IOM) has developed and published safe migration fact sheets, brochures, handbooks and information kits in a number of languages. For example, in 2011, IOM and the Indonesian government launched a Safe Migration Information Kit in order to educate and protect migrant workers against exploitation and abuse, including human trafficking. The kits include pocket guides and safe migration posters which were distributed through organisations and at airport and seaport terminals.10 Non-governmental or civil society actors are also working with the industry to combat human trafficking. One example is ECPAT International, an international network of organisations working to End Child Exploitation, Child Pornography and Trafficking for the Purposes of Sexual Exploitation, that has for years used awareness raising campaigns to promote positive behaviour change. They support “The Code”, a Code of Conduct that has over a thousand international signatories from the tourism sector subscribed to it, including Delta Airlines.11 According to ECPAT, some of their campaigns, such as their campaigns with Air France include, “brochures, in-flight videos, goods (luggage tags, bags, eye-masks) and publications. The materials all target different key stakeholders from both the sending countries and at the destination: tourism professionals, tourists, immigration and law enforcement officials. Especially notable are the different TV-spot and in-flight videos highlighting that child sex tourism is an international crime”.12


Another example of civil society working to combat the


problem is Innocents at Risk. While not the only grassroots organisation working to address the challenges of human trafficking in the aviation industry, Innocents at Risk is particularly noteworthy in this context for their work with the United States Customs and Border Protection on the Blue Lighting Initiative, which is considered to be an “action plan to arm flight attendants with the tools necessary to combat child trafficking”.13


brochure, Protecting Women and Children from Human Trafficking,14


The US-based organisation uses an informational to train primarily US flight personnel about how


to recognise and report human trafficking. For example, does a child look drugged or ill? Are there red flags about a child’s appearance? For instance, is the child inappropriately dressed or unprepared for a flight? Do the guardians of the child seem to be familiar and comfortable with the child and does the child seem familiar and comfortable with the adult(s)? The organisation teaches airline personnel to watch out for the red flags, distributes wristbands with the National US Trafficking Hotline Number 1-888-373-7888 and teaches personnel how to contact officials while they are in the air so that officials can meet suspected offenders and victims when flights land. According to the organisation, they have already trained one- third of American Airlines’ 19,000 flight attendants and have recently begun working with other airlines also.15 The issue of human trafficking is complex, combating it is complicated and in all honesty we need all the help we can get. That is why it is so important for the aviation industry to work with governments and civil society actors to develop and refine interventions to combat the scourge. We may not understand all the dynamics about how trafficking is changing and growing, but we do know that the aviation industry is being used by traffickers to facilitate the abuse and exploitation of human beings throughout the world. Knowing that, and knowing that not only is trafficking immoral but is also illegal, the aviation industry has a moral responsibility to do what it can to combat the problem.


And


with its unique positioning, the aviation industry can arguably make a significant difference in the global fight against human trafficking.


Camaran Pipes is an independent consultant in human rights, with international non-profit and United Nations research, policy, operations and programme management experience.


8. By signing The Code subscribers agree to: 1. establish an ethical policy regarding commercial sexual exploitation of children; 2. train the personnel in the country of origin and travel destinations; 3. introduce a clause in contracts with suppliers, stating a common repudiation of commercial sexual exploitation of children; 4. provide information to travellers by means of catalogues, brochures, in-flight films, ticket-slips, home pages, etc; 5. provide information to local "key persons" at the destinations; and, 6. report annually. <www.thecode.org>.


9. Sakulpitakphon, Patchareeboon. “Case Study: Combating Child Sex Tourism & The Code of Conduct for the Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation in Travel and Tourism Working with the Tourism Industry for the Protection of Children”. ECPAT International, 2011.


10. Innocents at Risk is a Washington, DC based 501(c)3. <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/> and <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/blue-lightning-flight- attendant-initiative>. US Customs and Border Protection, Press release: Blue Lightning Initiative Outlined at DHS Anti-Human Trafficking Event. January 12, 2012. <http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/highlights/anti_ht_hires.>


11. Protecting Women and Children from Human Trafficking, a brochure by Innocents at Risk. <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/%20http:/www.innocentsatrisk. org/wp-content/uploads/IAR_BrochureToPrint1.pdf>.


12. Innocents at Risk. <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/> and <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/blue-lightning-flight-attendant-initiative>. 13. Innocents at Risk is a Washington, DC based 501(c)3. <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/> and <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/blue-lightning-flight- attendant-initiative>. US Customs and Border Protection, Press release: Blue Lightning Initiative Outlined at DHS Anti-Human Trafficking Event. January 12, 2012. <http://www.cbp.gov/xp/cgov/newsroom/highlights/anti_ht_hires.>


14. Protecting Women and Children from Human Trafficking, a brochure by Innocents at Risk. <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/%20http:/www.innocentsatrisk. org/wp-content/uploads/IAR_BrochureToPrint1.pdf>.


15. Innocents at Risk. <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/> and <http://www.innocentsatrisk.org/blue-lightning-flight-attendant-initiative>. 26


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