Table 2: Effects of dietary GSPs supplementation on intestinal SCFAs concentrations in weaned piglets


Item


Acetic acid (μmol/g) Propionic acid (μmol/g) Butyric acid (μmol/g)


Control 50


56.6 21.8 21.2


62.8 26.9 26.4


GSPs (mg/kg) 100 67.7 31.0 26.2


the gene expression of the tight junction proteins through activation of the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibition of inflammatory mediators.


150 63.9 28.9 25.7


in the cecum and colon, in response to the increased abundance of Prevotella. However, it exerted little effect on the concentrations of iso-butyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid. Other studies have shown that increased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) could decrease the intestinal pH thus restraining pathogenic bacterial growth and alleviating postweaning diarrhoea. Additionally, SCFAs decrease lipopolysaccharide translocation into the cell, which may contribute to minimizing the effects of pathogenic bacteria. Acetic acid generates ATP in muscle tissue and acts as an


anti-inflammatory substance that aids in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. On the other side, propionic acid regulates liver cholesterol synthesis, while butyric acid acts as an important fuel for colonocytes and enhances intestinal barrier function by improving


Enhancing immunity Dietary intake of antioxidants may enhance immunocompetence by counteracting its side effects. Since polyphenolic compounds have direct effects on a variety of immune and inflammatory cell functions, dietary GSP supplementation has the potential to improve immunity. In their previous study, diets supplemented with GSP at doses of 100 or 150 mg/kg increased serum IgG, IgM, C4 and IL-2 concentrations. Serum IgG, IgA, IgM and C3, and C4 levels have been measured as indicators of humoral immunity and IL-2 as an important cytokine in the cell-mediated immune response. Their results demonstrated that dietary GSP enhances the humoral and cellular immune responses of weaned piglets by modulating the production of antibodies, complements, and cytokines. In the same study, their results revealed that dietary addition of


GSP ranging from 50 to 150 mg/kg reduces diarrhoea as effectively as antibiotics in weaned piglets. The incidence of diarrhoea in their study was 9.8% for the control group, 5.7% for the antibiotics group, and, on average, 6.5% for the GSP-supplemented piglets.


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