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COVER STORY


currently NA/Canada UL 217 and UL 268. Some of the relevant tests are listed here, but there are many more:


UL 217 (8th edition)/UL 268 (7th edition)


• Paper Fire - Must give an alarm before t = 240s • Wood Fire - Must give an alarm before t = 240s • Smoldering Smoke


Must give an alarm before t = 240s


Wood Fire - Must give an alarm before t = 240s - Must give an alarm before


obscuration levels exceed 29.26%/m • Flaming Polyurethane Foam -


Flaming Polyurethane Foam - Must give an alarm before obscuration levels exceed 15.47%/m and t = 360s


• Smo dering Polyurethane - Must give an alarm Smoldering Polyurethane -l before obscuration levels exceed 34.3%/m • Hamburger (Nuisance Alarm) - Must not give an alarm/fault before obscuration levels exceed 0.987%/m or the MIC value is in the 59.3% to 49.2% range


• Sens tivity Test, Dust Test, High Humidity Test -Sensitivity Test, Dust Test, High Humidity Testi Must not give an alarm/fault - The sensitivity test measures the obscuration level at which the unit alarms in a controlled smoke chamber


• Flammable Liquid Fire (UL 268 Canada Only) - Must give an alarm before t = 240s


For EN 14604, BS EN 54, and ISO 7240, there can be different sensitivity levels on the same test or additional specifications pertaining to, for example, liquid (heptane) fire, glowing smoldering cotton, or low temperature, black smoke liquid fire.


Note: for a complete set of tests, the relevant specification must be referenced in full.


PROVISIONS FOR TESTING AND HOW INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS CAN OVERLAP The following are the requirements for the five main test regulations: • UL 268 and UL 217 -


because specific devices are required to pass specific tests for compliance, each test in each standard must be performed and standards cannot be overlapped. In some cases, the testing conditions are identical between the two different UL standards, so compliance with one standard will mean compliance with the other. EN 54-29, EN 14604, and ISO 7240 have identical requirements for the smoke tunnel and fire room - both of which certain tests are carried out in. The required atmospheric conditions for these standards are also


identical. In some cases, the testing conditions are identical between the two different UL standards, so compliance with one standard will mean compliance with the other.


SMOKE DETECTION TECHNOLOGY: ONE SIZE DOES NOT FIT ALL


This article has summarised some smoke detection technologies, definitions, and smoke detector tests and how they relate to five international standards. It is not meant to be a detailed analysis of one standard over another. Instead, the article uses some examples to show how stringent and complicated the process to meet smoke detection regulations can be. Each international region has a very detailed set of tests that have different methods (and setups) for testing.


However, passing UL 217 and UL 268 standards - currently the most stringent pair of standards - can give a good indication of compliance, although this is not a substitute for regional testing. For regional compliance, a very detailed examination of local test requirements and methods is required. Even at local country level, regulations will increasingly become more stringent in the future.


UL 268 and UL 217 - 28 assembled specimens, all of which are used for each test (unless otherwise agreed with the testing agency)


• EN 14604 - 20 specmens: specimens numbered


EN 14604 - 20 specimens: specimens numberedi in order of increasing response threshold (decreasing sensitivity)


• BS EN 54 - 22 specimens: six least sensitive specimens numbered 17 through 22 and the others arbitrarily numbered 1 through 16


22 specimens: six least sensitive


• ISO 7240 - 20 specimens: four least sensitive specimens numbered 17 through 20 and the others arbitrarily numbered 1 through 16


20 specimens: four least sensitive


Using a component or subsystem that is UL listed provides ease of mind. UL component recognition means that UL has evaluated components or materials intended for use in a complete product or system. These components are intended only for end-use products that may be eligible for UL certification. The ADPD188BI from Analog Devices plus smoke chamber is pending for UL listing as of the publication of this article.


The ADPD188BI smoke detection module integrates LEDs, a photodiode, and an analogue front end (AFE) in one small 3.8mm × 5.0mm × 0.9mm package.


FA


• A reduced component count


A reduced component count • Meets new and existing regulations for life safety


Reduced nuisance alarms to ensure verified alerts (and avoid alarm disable) by having two colour detection and high dynamic range


Meets new and existing regulations for life safety due to a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and wide dynamic range for lower signal measurement • Reduced nuisance alarms to ensure verified


• Low power dissipation to allow more devices on


Small size to enable placement of detectors in hard to reach places


• Small size to enable placement of detectors in


The elimination of LED supply chain management requirements


• The elimination of LED supply chain • Running on a standard SMT assembly process Running on a standard SMT assembly process THE FUTURE


Regulatory changes have driven the trend for smaller, more accurate smoke detection systems. In addition to the regulatory changes, customers are demanding better aesthetics and a wider range of trickier deployment scenarios. Meeting this demand will require smaller form factors at lower power. Systems that use dual wavelength detection can reduce nuisance alarms, which is a requirement of the new test regulations. Systems with a higher SNR and high dynamic range also help here as well as in the better identification of smoke type. Optical technology enables a high dynamic range to help increase reliability, create a smaller form factor, and/or reduce power consumption. Because nuisance alarms like cooking or steam are now eliminated, smoke detectors can be fitted in areas like kitchens and bathrooms in higher densities, with more physical devices present through buildings enabling larger networked systems. Therefore, lower power requirements will enable battery operation (longer lifetime) or more devices on a main’s loop. But at a system level, for wireless networks, the faster alert requirement means the need for low latency networks. Because of the life safety aspect of smoke detection, the physical system will continue to remain as a standalone unit. However, in the future, there may also be the need to incorporate smoke detection into other building control systems - for example, within evacuation or emergency lighting, where a smaller form factor will become increasingly important.


Analog Devices (UK) www.analog.com T: 01932 358530


FACTORY&HANDLINGSOLUTIONS ORY&HANDLINGSOLUTIONS | MARCH 2020 7


Low power dissipation to allow more devices on wired or wireless loops


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