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a lateral movement detection with sufficiently low false alarm rates. For a pedestrian moving in front of a vehicle moving at 60mph, milliseconds can make the difference between superficial and life-threatening injuries, so response time is critical. Similarly, RADAR has many advantages for speed and object detection, such as high resolution in both azimuth and elevation, as well as the ability to “see” around objects, but it too needs to provide more time for the vehicle to react. With a goal of 400 km/hour+ unambiguous velocity determination, new developments in 77- and 79- GHz operation look to make headway toward that goal. This level of velocity determination may seem extreme, but it is necessary to support complex divided highway use cases where vehicles are traveling in opposite directions at speeds in excess of 200km/hour. Analog Devices has a strong position in 24GHz, as well as the emerging 77/79GHz applications. The focus is on performance and reducing the size, weight and power (SWaP) of the entire system. Analog Devices’ next-generation
360 degree coverage. It complements RADAR and camera systems, adding higher angular resolution and depth perception to provide a more accurate 3D map of the environment. The challenge with 1,500nm LIDAR
The fully cognitive vehicle will be enabled in large part through 360 degree visibility using advanced RADAR, LIDAR, and cameras, along with inertial measurement units (IMUs) and ultrasound
high integrated mmWave transceiver is ideally positioned to solve the more challenging aspects of high-performance imaging RADAR systems. The SoC and associated power management solution is able to resolve to <1 degree in angular resolution, and as low as 3cm for range discrimination. Bridging cameras and RADAR is LIDAR, the characteristics of which has made it a viable and essential element of the fully cognitive vehicle. But it too has challenges that need to be overcome going forward. For sure, LIDAR is evolving into compact, cost-effective solid-state designs that can be placed at multiple points around the vehicle to support full
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is system cost, largely driven by the photodetector technology (today, it is based on InGaAs technology with two- inch wafers). Getting to a high-quality solution – with high sensitivity, low dark current and low capacitance – is the key enabler for the 1,500nm LIDAR. Additionally, as LIDAR systems progress into generation 2 and 3, “application- optimised” circuit integration will be needed to drive size, power and overall system cost down. Today, Analog Devices has a rich set of high-performance signal chain and power management components to build virtually any LIDAR system. These products are acceptable for pulsed or FMCW/continuous wave systems, as well as systems built around wavelengths ranging from 900 to 1,500nm. Going forward, Analog Devices will be releasing key optical and electrical products that will be optimally configured for these LIDAR systems. Beyond ultrasound, cameras, RADAR and LIDAR, there are other sensing modalities that have critical roles to play in enabling fully cognitive autonomous transportation. GPS lets a vehicle know where it is at all times. That said, there are places where GPS signals are not available, such as in tunnels and among high-rise buildings. This is where inertial measurement units (IMUs) can play a critical role.
Though often overlooked, IMUs depend upon gravity, which is constant, regardless of environmental conditions. As such, they are very useful for dead- reckoning. In the temporary absence of a GPS signal, dead-reckoning uses data from sources such as the speedometer and IMUs to detect distance traveled and direction, and overlays this data onto high-definition maps. This keeps a cognitive vehicle on the right trajectory until a GPS signal can be recovered. Analog Devices has been developing IMU technology for over a decade and these highly complex inertial systems are used widely in aerospace and autonomous applications. GPS-centered
systems do not have the precision needed to fully navigate a vehicle autonomously. IMUs from Analog Devices bring this level of precision and stability to the navigation systems.
HIGH-QUALITY DATA SAVES TIME AND LIVES As important as these sensing modalities may be, none of these critical sensor inputs matter if the sensors themselves are not reliable and if their output signals are not captured accurately, to be fed upstream as high-precision sensor data: the phrase “garbage in, garbage out,” has rarely held so much import. To achieve this, even the most advanced analogue signal chains must be continuously improved to detect, acquire and digitise sensor signal outputs, so that their accuracy and precision do not drift with time and temperature. High-precision/high-quality data is fundamental to the ability of machine learning and AI processors to be properly trained, and to make the right decisions when put into operation: there are few second chances.
Once the data’s quality is assured, the various sensor fusion approaches and AI algorithms can respond optimally toward a positive outcome. It’s simply a fact that no matter how well an AI algorithm is trained, once the model is compiled and deployed on devices at the network edge, they are completely dependent upon reliable, high-precision sensor data for their efficacy. Similar to the original moonshot,
there is an aspiration that the initiative toward autonomous vehicles will have a positive, transformative and long-lasting impact on society. Moving from driver assistance to driver replacement, will not only improve the safety of transportation dramatically, but it will also lead to enormous productivity increases. This future depends upon a solid foundation of high-integrity sensors. Analog Devices has been involved in automotive safety and ADAS for the past 25 years. And today, Analog Devices is laying the groundwork for an autonomous tomorrow. Organised around centres of excellence in inertial navigation & monitoring and high- performance RADAR & LIDAR, Analog Devices’ Autonomous Transportation business unit offers high-performance sensor and signal/power chain solutions that will dramatically improve the performance and capability of these systems – accelerating our pace into tomorrow.
Analog Devices
www.analog.com
ELECTRONICS | SEPTEMBER 2019 9
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