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BSEE AIR QUALITY


Clean air is a fundamental human right. But what do we mean by ‘clean’? And how do we measure the eecveness of filters used as a barrier to poor air quality? A new standard – ISO16890 – has the answers, explains Peter Dyment, Technical Manager at Camfil.


uUrban air quality is the top environmental risk factor for premature deaths in Europe. uAir pollution shortens the lives of more than 50,000 people in the UK every year. uThe World Health Organization estimates the total annual cost of air pollution to the UK economy to be a huge £53 billion. uChildren unfortunate enough to live with high levels of particulates and nitrogen dioxide have up to 10% less lung capacity than those who don’t. And knowing that in polluted city areas, we inhale more than 25 million particles with each breath we take, these alarming statistics make a compelling case for tackling poor air quality or, in the short term, mitigating its effects.


A


There is an inherent link between outdoor and indoor air quality (IAQ) because outdoor air enters buildings through air ducts, open doors, windows and air leakage. Invisible particles and nitrogen dioxide gas from outside are the most common toxic health hazards. But indoor- source contaminants, such as dust and volatile organic compounds, can exacerbate poor IAQ. For internal air pollution PM1 supply air rated filters are an initial main system solution with gas filtration and standalone air purifiers for


BUILDING CONTROLS Don’t underestimate the power of the supply chain


have seen huge changes over the years due to advances in technology, with the Internet of Things (IOT) being just one. These are exciting times and we must be ready and willing to adapt how we manage and future-proof buildings.


I


Jon Belfield, President of the Building Controls Industry Associaon (BCIA), outlines the importance of a knowledgeable supply chain in order to extract the full potenal from today’s commercial buildings to tackle wellbeing and increase energy eciency.


Last month, I discussed the need to invest in wellbeing. It’s imperative that the supply chain has a full and confident understanding of a Building Management System (BMS) and its benefits – not only in improving wellbeing, but improving building performance too. Every building is unique and has its own challenges, but with correct application and integration of the BMS, a building can be managed effectively to ensure optimum comfort for occupants and peak energy efficiency.


We must encourage the supply chain to share their knowledge to increase the understanding of building controls and how buildings will work best for occupants. As Building Services Engineers, we have a collective opportunity to make the built environment better. This should be done from the very start of the design and build process, right through to post occupancy commissioning. Both knowledge and


communication are key to improving 8 BUILDING SERVICES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEER AUGUST 2018


wellbeing through environmental control as once people know how a building operates and the changes that can and can’t be made, they can become more understanding of the situation. That said, looking for opportunities to give occupants some control over their environment is also effective in improving wellbeing and the feeling that the environment can be adjusted to match individual needs. This summer’s heatwave has certainly put the focus on keeping building occupants comfortable, but where do you begin and how can a BMS impact on wellbeing? The first step is to ensure that correct and realistic temperature setpoints are selected for each zone. The opening of windows is also an issue; perceived wellbeing is often improved by the ability to open a window but we all need to understand that this might be creating energy inefficiency as chillers and cooling systems then have to work harder.


We traditionally control to fixed setpoints in buildings but there is definitely some scope to allow the actual room temperature setpoints to automatically increase as the outside temperature increases, providing a differential of say 4C between the outside air and the inside


temperature. This gives the feeling that it is cooler in the building and comfortable without over-cooling. In addition, using the BMS to alert the building manager to


temperature’s outside limits can then trigger intervention as to what the cause might be. Are time zones and setpoints for air-handling equipment set correctly to ensure the oxygen levels in a building are not depleted? If possible, consider CO2


control to


increase ventilation when areas become more densely populated – this is particularly popular in schools where the impact on learning and wellbeing is closely linked to managing the build-up of CO2


ll the facts and figures surrounding air pollution are alarming. Here are just four:


pollution hotspots. ‘PM’ – particulate matter – affects more people than any other pollutant.


PM comprises solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. Its major components are sulphate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, black carbon, mineral dust and water. Man-made PM is typically produced in areas of high population density such as city centres. A big contribution to the concentration of fine and ultrafine PM1 airborne particles comes from diesel vehicle exhaust fumes. Apart from the building envelope itself, the best line of defence to protect buildings is supply air filtration. ISO 16890 is the new global particle filter test standard which replaced the EN779 filter test standard in Europe in June and is intended to replace the ASHRAE 52.2 filter test standard in US over a longer transition period.


It came about because of the need to test air filters closer to real life conditions by testing a wider and more representative range of particles. It tests efficiency on 0.3- 10m (micron) particle range and relates test result to PM1, PM2.5 and PM10. It also gives 49 classes in four groups when coarse gravimetric is included (compared with nine classes under EN779 and 16 classes under ASHRAE 52.2).


The new international standard describes equipment, materials, technical specifications, requirements, qualifications and


Adversing: 01622 699116 Editorial: 01354 461430 How clean is your air?


procedures to produce laboratory performance data. It also enables the designer to calculate an efficiency classification based upon the measured fractional efficiency which is related by the standard to ‘particulate matter efficiency’ (ePM) expressed as a percentage of the PM captured by the filter. It comprises: Part 1: Technical specifications, requirements and classification system based upon ePM. Part 2: Measurement of fractional efficiency and air flow resistance. Part 3: Determination of the gravimetric efficiency and the air flow resistance versus the mass of test dust captured. Part 4: Conditioning method to determine the minimum fractional test efficiency.


In my view, this is a good move


uParculate Maer intrusion. Apart from the building envelope, the best line of defence to protect buildings is supply air filtraon, believes Camfil.


since ISO 16890 is far more transparent and informative than the standards that went before; it categorises filters in terms of the particle sizes they can capture. This makes the classification system simpler to understand and enables better product comparison. So, for the first time, in ISO 16890 we have an air filtration standard that actually tells people specifically what a filter does. It is also more accurate than its predecessors and is a global standard that offers a single test for all customers.


www.camfil.co.uk


levels.


A good example of improving the building environment could be running mechanical ventilation to provide some night cooling in the summer to purge the building – and this is why it’s critical to have an appropriate system installed as a good starting point. However, implementing


sophisticated controls and solutions for wellbeing and building performance will not have the desired effect if the person left in charge of operating it has had little or no training.


It is imperative that those responsible for carrying out such tasks, are able to extract the full


potential from a building, as their ability to optimise the operation of the BMS and communicate with building occupants is key to achieving energy efficient comfort within a building.


This debate and BMS related initiatives for improving wellbeing will continue but only by ensuring knowledge is shared throughout the entire supply chain, will this play a pivotal role in ensuring healthy, energy efficient buildings over the long term.


www.bcia.co.uk VISIT OUR WEBSITE: www.bsee.co.uk


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