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gives an average measurement across the measurement path, rather than the result at a single point. However, since TDL sensing is highly specific to the gas being measured, separate analysers are


required for O2 and CO. Gas analysis also supports


greater process efficiency in many other applications. An efficient process reaction reduces the amount of harmful emissions likely to be generated.


Gas clean-up and carbon capture


Gas analysis is important in gas cleaning, the removal of harmful substances from process gases that might otherwise be emitted by the plant. Typical examples of gas clean-up


processes include DeNOx (ammonia slip) treatment, flue gas desulfurisation, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Capturing and storing CO2 ensures


it is not released into the atmosphere. This results in a cleaner environment,


and allows the CO2 to be used in other processes. Three different methods exist: pre-combustion, oxyfuel, and post-combustion CCS. Post-combustion CCS takes place


when CO2 is removed from the flue gas after fossil fuels have been burned.


Oxyfuel CCS produces a flue gas


consisting almost entirely of CO2 and steam by reacting the fuel source with


almost pure O2 – this means flue gas can be stored/sequestered without significant pretreatment. Both these methods can be used in new plants, or retrofitted to existing ones. A third method, pre-combustion


CCS, is performed before burning the fuel, and converts the fuel into a


mixture of hydrogen and CO2. This is difficult to retrofit, so is better for newly built facilities. Whichever method is used, the


captured CO2 is then compressed into a liquid and transported for storage.


As countries look to meet their


responsibilities under Paris Agreement carbon reduction targets, the use of industrial-level CCS is likely to grow significantly, as is the requirement for accurate gas analysis to support the processes.


MonitorinG eMissions


Reducing carbon emissions has been a key issue for many countries in recent years, with legislation limiting the


amounts of greenhouse gases – CO2, CH4 and nitrous oxide (N2O) – that can be emitted. NOx, SOx, and CO are also seen as key pollutants.


Monitoring flue gas emissions


helps determine the process efficiency and protect the environment, and demonstrates that plant operators are complying with the necessary regulations. To ensure compliance, a continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS) is required to measure all the necessary components of the flue gas. This must be capable of offering the highest sensitivity and accuracy when dealing with multiple measurements for pollutants. Any gas analysis system must also


meet MCERTS and QAL1 certifications to comply with regulatory criteria.


cleaner enerGy sources


Cleaner energy sources, such as hydrogen, are becoming increasingly attractive to many industries –


hydrogen gas (H2) does not contain carbon, so cannot form CO2 as a byproduct of combustion.


Plants that produce hydrogen are


ramping up output to meet increased demand. The purity of the hydrogen they produce affects its quality as a fuel, and this is where gas analysis again plays a major role. Depending on the manufacturing method, the most common


contaminants will be O2, CO and CO2. All three of these can be monitored by gas analysers to ensure product purity.


a cleaner future Whether it is used to ensure more efficient processes, to support the safe removal of pollutants, or to monitor the remaining emissions that are output to the atmosphere, gas analysis plays an essential role in cleaner plant and refinery operations. Additionally, it is certain that gas


analysis technology will be essential to the production of current and future cleaner energy sources. A wide range of sensing


technologies is needed to achieve all the necessary goals of a clean air strategy in order to ensure the best- fit and most cost-effective solution for each application. By combining all three stages of


the clean air strategy outlined here, plants and refineries can fully address the impact of their operations on the wider environment, and contribute fully to the creation of a world with cleaner air. Find out more about the three-stage


clean air strategy at servomex.com. Servomex


Instrumentation Monthly October 2021 servomex.com


Powering a smooth emobility transition


a significant growth in electric vehicle (EV) adoption for personal and public transport expected by 2030. To assist in the transition, emobility electronic component manufacturer REO UK has shared a handbook highlighting the range and role of components for reliable emobility design and development. The guide is available to download on the REO UK website. Across Europe, deadlines have been set to prohibit the sale of


T


new internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, by 2030 in the UK and 2035 across the European Union. These goals, alongside stricter targets on vehicle carbon emissions, are driving greater adoption of EVs and electrified public transport. A vital component of this adoption is a smooth transition for vehicle manufacturers and electrical infrastructure providers. REO UK’s latest guide offers insights into how to ensure a safe


and reliably effective transition. The document outlines some of the core electrical and electronic components that are necessary to meet the many demands of next generation emobility applications, from electric cargo ships to commercial EVs, and the ideal properties of those components. REO UK hopes that, with this insight, electrical or electronic design and test engineers can overcome some bumps in the road of emobility development. “Emobility is about more than just a shift to EVs on roads and


highways,” says Steve Hughes, managing director of REO UK. “It encompasses the electrification of everything from urban mobility and trains to marine vessels and heavy construction machinery, as well as the supporting infrastructure. Each segment has specific expectations for components. Electric cargo ships and large electric dozers both require higher capacity braking resistors than a golf cart, for example. “However, there are several similarities between the


requirements of emobility components, particularly around robust design and efficient performance. This is an area REO has been leading in for many years, so we can successfully support engineers now entering the realm of electrification. Effective component selection can significantly improve vehicle efficiency, which is invaluable for unplugged emobility applications where greater range is commercially beneficial. “Looking ahead to 2030, some of the biggest challenges arise


from available charging infrastructure. It’s not just a matter of scale, but also of power quality and interference. Components must be safe and able to handle issues such as load surges, and connected networks need filters to mitigate harmonic currents. There is a lot for engineers to consider, test and implement — the handbook is a good first step to refining that.” REO UK’s work in developing wound electrical


components and high quality electronics for the emobility and wider renewable energy markets extends back almost three decades. This extensive experience allows REO UK to develop products that meet the current and continually evolving needs of modern EVs and emobility.


REO UK www.reo.co.uk 11


he electrification of mobility is on the horizon, with


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