B C, a n d C o m er s a ys t h e n e xt st e p w o ul d b e c o nsi d eri n g ot h er t e c h n ol o gi es. Di es el p arti c ul at e filt ers ( D P F), f or e x a m pl e, w hi c h c a pt ur e a n d st or e p arti c ul at e m att er or s o ot fr o m di es el e n gi n es, c o ul d a c hi e v e a n a d diti o n al 9 0 % m ass re d u cti o n of B C o n t o p of w h at’s alre a d y a c hi e v e d t hr o u g h a s wit c h t o M G O. H o w e v er, h e str ess es t h at I C C T w o ul d


r at h er n ot r e c o m m e n d o n e si n gl e s ol uti o n, i nst e a d a h olisti c B C e n gi n e e missi o ns st a n d ar d t h at e ns ur es a d o pti o n of B C a b at e m e nt m e as ures a n d a c c o u nts f or s hi ps o pti n g f or alt er n ati v e f u els i n t h e f ut ur e, s u c h as bi of u el, w hi c h h e n ot es will still h a v e ass o ci at e d C O 2


a n d B C e missi o ns. C o m er e x pl ai ns: “I C C T w a nts t o m a k e


s ure t h at w e s et a B C e missi o ns st a n d ar d f or s hi ps or s hi p e n gi n es t h at re fl e ct re al w orl d o p er ati n g c o n diti o ns. W h e n y o u d o t h at, a n d if y o u s et it at a stri n g e nt e n o u g h l e v el, it will e ns ure t h at t y p es of t e c h n ol o gi es, li k e D P Fs w hi c h c a n r e all y o nl y b e us e d wit h hi g h q u alit y M G O, are a d o pt e d.” “If we c a n get t he H F O b a n i m pl e me nte d


s o o n er a n d, i n t h e m e a nti m e, d e v el o p a B C e missi o ns st a n d ar d t h at a p pli es t o all s hi ps, t h e n we c a n re all y st art re d u ci n g B C e missi o ns i n a me a ni n gf ul w a y i n t he Arctic,” C o mer s a ys. He a d ds t h at t he st a n d ar d c o ul d b e a p plie d first i n t he Arctic, w here t here’s t he l ar gest i m p act, t he n p h as e d i nt o e ffect gl o b all y.


M e a s uri n g B C e mi s si o n s B arri ers pre ve nti n g B C e missi o n p oli ci es a n d c orres p o n di n g re d u cti o ns i n cl u d e t h e l a c k of i nc e nti ve t o us e M G O a n d sl o w d e vel o p me nt


of re g ul ati o ns li ke t h e H F O b a n, b ut C o m er als o hi g hli g hts t h e a bs e n c e of a st a n d ar dis e d m e as ure m e nt pr ot o c ol. I M O’s o n g oi n g w or k f or d efi ni n g,


m e as uri n g a n d c o ntr olli n g B C e missi o ns i n s hi ps h as alr e a d y m a d e s o m e pr o gr ess t o w ar ds t his, ai d e d b y I C C T’s a n n u al B C w or ks h o ps. N ot a bl y, I M O a c c e pt e d t h e B o n d et al. d efi niti o n of B C i n 2 0 1 5, as pr o p os e d i n I C C T’s first w or ks h o p a n d l at er B C m e as ur e m e nt m et h o ds r e c o m m e n d e d b y I C C T’s f o urt h w or ks h o p


i n 2 0 1 7,


i n cl u di n g l as er i n d u c e d i n c a n d es c e n c e ( LII), p h ot o- a c o usti c s p e ctr os c o p y ( P A S) a n d filt er s m o k e n u m b er ( F S N). P arti ci p a nts of t h e fift h w or ks h o p


r e c o m m e n d e d 1 3 B C c o ntr ol m e as ur es, w hi c h w er e i n cl u d e d i n I M O’s list of 4 1 a p pr o pri at e w a ys t o re d u c e B C a gre e d o n at P P R 6. ffi e si xt h a n d fi n al I C C T w or ks h o p, h el d i n 2 0 1 9, i d e ntifi e d si x B C c o ntr ol p oli ci es a n d C o m er c o m m e nts t h at t h o u g h t h e s e ve nt h w or ks h o p w as c a n c ell e d d u e t o C o vi d- 1 9, I C C T ar e u nli k el y t o r e arr a n g e: “ We’ ve m a de t he re c o m me n d ati o ns, n o w we j ust ne e d I M O t o act.” C o n cr et e pr o p os als f or B C c o nt r ol m e as ur es h a v e b e e n


i n vit e d t o P P R 8


i n M ar c h 2 0 2 1, b ut C o m er b eli e v es t his is u nli k el y t o yi el d r es ults: “I’ m n ot t h at o pti misti c t h at a m e m b er st at e is g oi n g t o p ut i n a B C c o ntr ol p oli c y i d e a. If t h e y di d, t h ere w o ul d b e a n o p p ort u nit y t o m a k e pr o gr ess at M E P C 7 7 i n N o v e m b er 2 0 2 1, w h e n I M O is s u p p os e d t o t a k e a p oli c y d e cisi o n o n B C. B ut if t h ere’s n ot hi n g g oi n g t o P P R 8 t h ere’s n ot hi n g t o dis c uss at M E P C 7 7.”


I nst e a d C o m er a nti ci p at es t h at t h e


n e xt st e p will li k el y e m er g e fr o m a n e wl y e st a bli s h e d C a n a d a-l e d


i nt e r n ati o n al


w or ki n g gr o u p, w hi c h ai ms t o d e v el o p a st a n d ar dis e d m e as ur e m e nt, s a m pli n g a n d c o n diti o ni n g pr ot o c ol f or m e as uri n g B C e missi o ns fr o m m ari n e e n gi n es: “ T his is a ct u al d e di c at e d w or k t h at’s b ei n g l e d b y a n I M O m e m b er st at e, w hi c h al w a ys m a k es it e asi er t o g et a gre e m e nt.” C o m er is h o p ef ul t h at C a n a d a will p ut


i n a p a p er t o P P R 8 a n d s a y: “‘ L o o k, w e’r e d e v el o pi n g t his st a n d ar dis e d m e as ure m e nt, s a m pli n g a n d c o n diti o ni n g pr ot o c ol, w e e x p e ct it t o t a ke a c o u pl e of y e ars a n d s o w e c a n c o d e v el o p t h e B C re g ul ati o n.’ “I n t h at c as e, y o u w o ul d pr o b a bl y a gr e e


t o s o m et hi n g i n 2 0 2 3 a n d c o ul d h a v e it i m pl e m e nt e d a n d e nt er i nt o f orc e i n 2 0 2 5,” he a d ds.


T h e e n d g a m e F or t h e e ntire gl o b al s hi p pi n g fl e et t o re a c h z er o e missi o n v ess els, w or k m ust als o c o nti n u e o n e missi o n st a n d ar ds, e n er g y effi ci e n c y r e g ul ati o ns a n d


l o n g-t er m g o al is n’t


i n c e nti v e s


t o w ar ds pr o p ulsi o n t h at a v oi ds f u el b ur ni n g, s u c h as wi n d, C o m er s a ys. He str ess es t h at, ulti m at el y, I C C T’s


M G O-f u ell e d s hi ps, b ut d e c ar b o nis ati o n p oli ci es t h at f or c e a s hift t o w ar d l o w or z er o lif e c y cl e e missi o n v ess els, w hi c h will si m ult a n e o usl y re d u c e B C e missi o ns. He n ot es: “If w e o nl y f o c us o n m ar k et- b as e d m e as ur es t o t r y a n d


i nfl u e n c e


b e h a vi o ur, t h at’s g oi n g t o t a k e a w hil e t o a ct u all y h a v e a n eff e ct, as w o ul d o nl y a l o n g er-t er m d e c ar b o nis ati o n g o al t h at’s i n 2 0 5 0 w h e n w e k n o w t h at t h e i n d ustr y d el a ys a cti o n u ntil t h e ni g ht b ef ore. fi at w a y, w e’re g oi n g t o c o nti n u e t o e at u p m or e of t h e w orl d’s c ar b o n b u d g et i n t h e s e ct or w h e n w e n e e d t o b e o n a p at h d o w n w ar d.” F urt h er, e n er g y effi ci e n c y r e g ul ati o ns


Fi g ur e 2. Tr e n d s i n h e a v y f u el oil ( H F O) a n d bl a c k c ar b o n ( B C) f or 2 0 1 5, 2 0 1 7 a n d 2 0 1 9. I m a g e: I C C T


Gr e e n S hi p pi n g J a n u ar y 2 0 2 1


mi g ht b e t h e o nl y ot h er alt er n ati v e t o r e d u ci n g B C e missi o ns o n t h e r o a d t o d e c ar b o nis ati o n: “If t h er e’s n o a d diti o n al a cti o n s p e cifi c all y f or B C, t h e n t h e o nl y o p p ort u nit y f or re d u ci n g it is t hr o u g h ot h er m e as ur es t h at w e h a v e o n t h e b o o ks, li k e E E DI a n d E E XI. Yo u w o ul d g et B C e missi o n r e d u cti o ns p ot e nti all y t hr o u g h effi ci e n c y i m pr o v e m e nts b ut as a b y- pr o d u ct r at h er t h a n t h e t ar g et. A n d, of c o urs e, it m a y j ust sl o w t h e p a c e of a bs ol ut e e missi o ns i n cre as es r at h er t h a n a ct u all y re d u c e t h e m.” N A


9


F e at ur e 2


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