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i nstit ut es i n D e n m ar k, b ot h i n t er ms of t h e bi ol o g y a n d t h e gr o wi n g fi el d of M L n e ur al n et w or ks, t h e c o m p ut er s ci e n c e b e hi n d M L al g orit h ms. “ We’r e ki n d of s plit i nt o t w o p arts; w e’ v e g ot t h e r es e arc h s e cti o n, w hi c h d o es a l ot of t h e cl e v er st u ff a n d t h e n w e’ v e g ot t h e d e v el o p m e nt ar e a w hi c h p uts t h at w or k i nt o a pr o d u cti o n e n vir o n m e nt s o t h at it c a n b e us e d b y c ust o m ers.”


S e a S urf a c e T e m p er at ur e ( S S T) a n d S p e e d T hr o u g h W at er ( S T W) ar e a m o n g t h e diff er e nt f a ct or s m e a s ur e d f or Gr e e n St e a m’ s pr e di cti v e m o d elli n g


h ull cl e a ni n g, o n e of t h e bi g g est c a us es of e x c ess f u el c o ns u m pti o n. Gr e e n St e a m’s M L m o d el m e as ur es f o uli n g r esist a n c e as a p er c e nt a g e of h ull fri cti o n al r esist a n c e c o m p a r e d t o t h e b e st p e rf o r m a n c e r e c or d e d, w hi c h is t y pi c all y d uri n g s e a tri als or i m m e di at el y a ffi er h ull cl e a ni n g. It als o c o n v erts t his i nt o a v al u e c all e d F o uli n g P erf or m a n c e, w hi c h is t h e d ail y f u el w ast e e x pr ess e d i n b ot h m etri c t o n n es a n d its m o n et ar y c ost. I n p arti c ul ar, t h e p a p er e x pl or e d t h e


c or r el ati o n b et w e e n t h e h ull c o n diti o n at its h e a vi est c o n diti o n of bi of o uli n g, i. e. j ust pri or t o cl e a ni n g, a n d t h e r at e of d e gr a d ati o n a fi er cl e a ni n g. It c o n cl u d es t h at f o uli n g g r o wt h pr o g r e ss e s al o n g a c o m m o n p att e r n, wit h


i niti al sli m e


gr o wt h pr e c e di n g m or e s u bst a nti al pl a nt a n d a ni m al f o uli n g, w hi c h t e n ds t o b e m or e r esili e nt or g a nis ms ( e. g. b ar n a cl es). R o u g hl y s p e a ki n g, t his us u all y b e gi ns t o o c c ur ar o u n d t h e p oi nt w h er e f o uli n g r esist a n c e r e a c h es 1 0 % a n d w h e n h ull cl e a ni n g s h o ul d b e s c h e d ul e d. W hitf or d c o m m e nts: “ We l o o k e d at all


t h e e vi d e n c e w e h a v e fr o m b ot h tri als a n d e xisti n g c ust o m ers a n d y o u d e fi nit el y s e e m t o e nt er a s ort of c asi n o at t h e 1 0 % m ar k. It’s n ot a h ar d a n d f ast r ul e b ut if y o u l o o k at t h e gr o wt h r at e b ef or e a n d a Th er t h e h ull is cl e a n e d a n d it’s n ot m u c h w ors e t h e n y o u c a n s a y y o u’ v e d o n e a g o o d j o b. If f o uli n g r e all y t a k es o ff a Th er a cl e a n t h e n y o u’ v e pr o b a bl y i n a d v ert e ntl y d a m a g e d t h e cl e a ni n g.” F or t h at r e as o n, o n e of t h e p a p er’s ot h er re c o m m e n d ati o ns is t h at s hi p o w n ers s h o ul d


Gr e e n S hi p pi n g J a n u ar y 2 0 2 1


pl a c e m or e e m p h asis u p o n fr e q u e nt g e ntl e cl e a ni n g, r at h er t h a n w aiti n g f or dr y d o c ki n g or w h e n f o uli n g resist a n c e re a c h es e x p e nsi v e l e v els. If t h e 1 0 % r ul e w as a p pli e d a cr oss t h e gl o b al fl e et of 5 0, 0 0 0 d e e p-s e a v ess els, Gr e e n St e a m esti m at es a U S $ 1 billi o n n et s a vi n g i n a n n u al f u el c osts.


T e sti n g t h e pr e di cti o n s T h e n at ur al q u esti o n t o as k


is: h o w


s hi p o w n e r s c a n b e c o nfi d e nt t h at Gr e e n St e a m’s f o uli n g r esist a n c e pre di cti o ns ar e a c c ur at e a n d t h at a n y d e cli n e


i n


p erf or m a n c e c a n’t b e attri b ut e d t o a c a us e ot h er t h a n bi of o uli n g ? W hitf or d s a ys t h at t y pi c all y t h e c o m p a n y will t a k e n e w s hi p o w n ers or c h art ers t h o u g h t hre e t ests: “ Firstl y, w h e n w e cr e at e a n M L m o d el of


a s hi p, h a vi n g tr a c k e d t h e v ess el f or t hr e e m o nt hs or l o n g er, w e as k t h e c ust o m er t o r a n d o ml y wit h dr a w 1 0- 1 5 % of t h e i n c o mi n g d at a. We t h e n s e e h o w cl os el y o ur pre di cti o n c o m es t o m e as uri n g it. T h e s e c o n d o n e is f o uli n g pr e di cti o n, w h er e w e c o m p ar e p h ot o gr a p hs of t h e h ull pr e d o c ki n g a n d r e c o ati n g wit h t h e pr e di cti o n o ur m o d el gi v es of t h e e xt e nt of f o uli n g r esist a n c e. Th e t hir d t est is o ur m o d els cr e at e a p o w er a n d c o ns u m pti o n c ur v e f or t h e c urr e nt st at us of t h e s hi p a n d w e c o m p ar e it a g ai nst t h e m e as ur e d p erf or m a n c e of t h e v ess el i n t h os e c o n diti o ns. We’ v e f o u n d, if t h er e is hi g h-fr e q u e n c y l o g gi n g d at a, t h at o ur a c c ur a c y is wit hi n 5 %.” H e a d ds t h at t h e c o m p a n y’s f o u n d ers,


w h o r e m ai n hi g hl y i n v ol v e d at r es e ar c h l e v el, h a v e c o o p er at e d cl os el y wit h s ci e nti fi c


N ot s o sl o wl y W hil e t h er e h as b e e n c o nsi d er a bl e d e b at e o v er t h e p ast c o u pl e of y e ars a b o ut t h e p ossi bl e i m p ositi o n of m a n d at or y sl o w st e a mi n g as a s h ort-t er m m e a ns of c ar b o n e missi o n r e d u cti o n a n d a c hi e vi n g I M O’s 2 0 3 0 t ar g ets, W hitf or d is s c e pti c al a b o ut t h e m erits of s u c h pr o p os e d r e g ul ati o n. Gr e e n St e a m will s h ortl y l a u n c h a n u p d at e t o its s p e e d a n d o pti mis ati o n pr o gr a m m e, w hi c h t a k es t h e M L m o d el of a v ess el, i n p uts t h e pr e di ct e d w e at h er, s e a st at e a n d ot h er v al u es f or a gi v e n r o ut e, a n d eit h er c al c ul at es t h e mi ni m u m c ost f or o p er ati n g at a gi v e n s p e e d v al u e or t o a fi x e d E T A. “ F or m e, t h at is t h e w a y t o g o a n d n ot j ust


b e c a us e w e ar e l a u n c hi n g s u c h a s er vi c e! We h a v e r e c e ntl y s e e n s a vi n gs of ar o u n d 1 5 % – s m art s p e e d m a n a g e m e nt l e d fr o m a v ess el AI m o d el t h at r es p e cts t h e r e q uir e d d eli v er y d at e si m pl y d o es a b ett er j o b of m ai nt ai ni n g v ess el utilis ati o n w hilst c utti n g G H G e missi o ns. We n e e d t o t ar g et j ust-i n- ti m e (JI T) arri v al a n d p ort c o n g esti o n t h at’s c o nst a ntl y m o vi n g – w hi c h m e a ns c h a n g es t hr o u g h o ut a v o y a g e, s o h er e w e h a v e a n ot h er c o m pl e x i nt err el at e d pr o bl e m t o s ol v e. Th at is a p erf e ct j o b f or o ur AI. We r efr es h o ur s p e e d o pti mis ati o n pr o gr a m m e e v er y si x h o urs a n d w e c a n a dj ust t h e E T A as c o n diti o ns c h a n g e. I b eli e v e t his is a b ett er s ol uti o n t o t h e pr o bl e m t h a n si m pl y sl o wi n g e v er y o n e d o w n a n d it is dri v e n b y t h e c ar g o o w n er’s n e e ds.” M o r e o v e r, sl o w st e a mi n g wit h o ut


c o or di n at e d JI T p ort arri v als mi g ht a ct u all y e x a c er b at e bi of o uli n g. “ O ur r es e ar c h a n d d at a s u g g ests t h at it a c c el er at es ar o u n d c o ast al ar e as b e c a us e of f a ct ors s u c h as n utri e nt r u n o ff a n d a l ot m or e s p e ci es t h at c a n c ol o nis e t h e h ull i n s h all o w c o n diti o ns. If t h e v ess el’s g oi n g b el o w si x k n ots or l yi n g at a n c h or w aiti n g, b ur ni n g a u xili ar y e n gi n e b u n k ers u n n e c ess aril y, t h at’s pr o b a bl y o n e of t h e bi g g est st e ps y o u c a n t a k e t o r e d u c e y o ur f u el c o ns u m pti o n a n d c ar b o n f o ot pri nt.” N A


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