F e at ur e 2 | E MI S SI O N S C O N T R O L T h e p arti c ul ar m att er of bl a c k c ar b o n


H o w will s hi p pi n g r es p o n d t o o n g oi n g a n d i n cr e asi n g bl a c k c ar b o n e missi o ns fr o m H F O-f u ell e d s hi ps?


L


ess t h a n 2. 5 mi cr o ns i n si z e, Bl a c k C ar b o n ( B C) is a n air p oll ut a nt s m all e n o u g h t o e nt er t h e bl o o dstr e a m


a n d vit al or g a ns, d es cri b e d b y t h e E ur o p e a n E n vir o n m e nt A g e n c y as at l e ast p artl y c arci n o g e ni c. P utti n g asi d e its a d v ers e e ffe ct o n h u m a n h e alt h, B C is a c o m p o n e nt of p arti c ul at e m att er e mitt e d b y s hi ps b ur ni n g f ossil f u els t h at a bs or bs li g ht a n d a c c el er at es t h e m elti n g of i c e, m a ki n g it a s eri o us iss u e i n t h e Arcti c. Br y a n C o m er, h e a d of t h e I nt er n ati o n al


C o u n cil o n Cl e a n Tr a ns p ort ati o n’s (I C C T) m ari n e pr o gr a m, t ells ffie N a v al Arc hitect t h at s hi ps e mitti n g B C ar e a c o nti n u all y gr o wi n g pr o bl e m i n t h e r e gi o n, wit h t h e I C C T c al c ul ati n g i n a r e c e nt r e p ort t h at t h er e h as b e e n a n 8 5 % i n cr e as e i n B C e missi o ns b et w e e n 2 0 1 5- 2 0 1 9 wit hi n I M O’s d e fi niti o n of t h e Ar cti c. He c o m m e nts t h at it’s t h e w orst- c as e s c e n ari o: “ T h er e’s t his s elf-rei nf orci n g l o o p i n t h e Arcti c wit h m ore s hi p pi n g a n d m ore e missi o ns, me a ni n g m ore B C e missi o ns dir e ctl y i n t h e Ar cti c a n d, i n s o m e c as es, s hi ps t h at are a ct u all y bre a ki n g t hr o u g h t h e Arcti c i c e.”


M a ki n g t h e ri g ht c h a n g e s B C is a s h ort-li v e d p ot e nt cli m at e p oll ut a nt, wit h a 2 0- y e ar gl o b al w ar mi n g p ot e nti al 3, 2 0 0 ti m es t h at of C O 2


is pri m aril y


Fi g ur e 1. Bl a c k c ar b o n e mi s si o n s fr o m Ar cti c S hi p pi n g ( all f u el s) i n 2 0 1 9. I m a g e: I C C T


we d o n’t w a nt t o tr a d e o n e s h ort li ve d cli m ate p oll ut a nt ( B C) f or a n ot h er ( m et h a n e).” B ut t h e m ost i m m e di at e m e as ure C o m er


s u g g ests w o ul d b e e ff e cti v e is a v ol u nt ar y s wit c h a w a y fr o m H F O t o M G O, w hi c h a c c or di n g t o I C C T r es e ar c h w o ul d r e d u c e o v er all B C e missi o ns fr o m t h e Arcti c H F O fl e et b y 4 4 %. T his w o ul d b e p arti c ul arl y us ef ul as a l e g all y bi n di n g r e g ul ati o n o n H F O is y e ars a w a y fr o m i m pl e m e nt ati o n.


. As s u c h, t h e I C C T f o c us e d o n w h at c o ul d b e


a c c o m plis h e d i n t h e s h ort a n d m e di u m- t er m t o c o m b at B C e missi o ns. S u g g esti o ns i n cl u d e a r e q uir e m e nt f or usi n g s h or e p o w er i n p orts or e n c o ur a gi n g t h e dis p ut e d a p pr o a c h of sl o w st e a mi n g, as C o m er e x pl ai ns: “ O p p o n e nts of sl o w st e a mi n g w o ul d p oi nt o ut t h at B C e missi o ns i n cre as e at l o w er l o a ds a n d w e (I C C T) a gre e o n a p er k W h b asis, b ut o v er t h e l e n gt h of t h e v o y a g e s hi ps a ct u all y e mit l ess.” He als o a c k n o wl e d g es t h at a n u m b er of


L N G-f u ell e d s hi ps, w hi c h n e arl y eli mi n at e B C e missi o ns, will b e c o mi n g i nt o s er vi c e i m mi n e ntl y b ut w ar ns t h at t his c o ul d l e a d t o ot h er pr o bl e ms: “If s hi ps are g oi n g t o us e L N G as a B C c o ntr ol m e as ur e t h e y s h o ul d b e usi n g it i n hi g h press ure d u al-f u el e n gi n es t h at h a v e a v er y l o w m et h a n e sli p, b e c a us e


8


T h e H F O ‘ b a n’ Dr aft a m e n d m e nts t o M A R P O L A n n e x I, w hi c h w er e s u b mitt e d at M E P C 7 5 i n 2 0 2 0, d o pr o p os e a H F O b a n i n t h e Arcti c. It w o ul d c o v er t h e us e a n d c arri a g e f or us e of oils wit h a d e nsit y at 1 5° C hi g h er t h a n 9 0 0 k g/ m³ or a ki n e m ati c vis c osit y at 5 0° C hi g h er t h a n 1 8 0 m m²/s, a n d C o m er e x pl ai ns t h at t his w o ul d c o ns e q u e ntl y


fl yi n g Ar cti c fl a gs wit hi n t h eir fl a g st at e’s w at ers a n d e x e m pti o ns f or s hi ps wit h pr ot e ct e d f u el t a n ks) pr e v e nt t h e H F O b a n fr o m h a vi n g a n o pti m al e ff e ct o n e missi o ns, C o m er c o m m e nts. “ W h er e as if t h e b a n w er e i m pl e m e nt e d


wit h o ut t h os e e x e m pti o ns a n d w ai v ers y o u w o ul d r e d u c e B C e missi o ns i n t h e Ar cti c b y 3 0 % a n d t his is b e c a us e of t h e s hi ps t h at w o ul d h a v e s wit c h e d fr o m H F O or V L S F O t o M G O. fi os e H F O-f u ell e d s hi ps w o ul d h a v e r e d u c e d t h eir e missi o ns b y 4 4 %, a n d b e c a us e t h er e ar e alr e a d y s hi ps t h at ar e o p er ati n g o n M G O i n t h e Arcti c, t h e o v er all eff e ct w o ul d b e a 3 0 % r e d u cti o n i n B C e missi o ns i n Arcti c s hi p pi n g.” Wit h it l o o ki n g li kel y t h at t h e dr a Th H F O


i n cl u d e


V L S F Os: “ A c c or di n g t o t h e I nt er n ati o n al B u n k er I n d ustr y Ass o ci ati o n (I BI A) al m ost all of t h e V L S F O t h at ar e o n t h e m ar k et t o d a y w o ul d m e et I M O’s d e fi niti o n of H F O, as m ost of t h e m h a v e a d e nsit y o v er 9 0 0 k g/ m³ a n d s o w o ul d b e b a n n e d u n d er t h e H F O b a n e v e nt u all y.” C urr e nt pl a ns s e e t h e b a n c o mi n g i nt o


eff e ct o n 1 J ul y 2 0 2 4 wit h w ai v ers a n d e x e m pti o ns a p pli c a bl e u ntil 1 J ul y 2 0 2 9. H o w e v er, t h es e l o o p h ol es ( w ai v ers t o s hi ps


b a n will b e a d o pt e d wit h t h os e l o o p h ol es i n pl ace t his ye ar at M E P C 7 6, C o mer c o m me nts t h at t he b est-c as e s ce n ari o w o ul d b e bri n gi n g f or w ar d t h e pr o p os e d c o mi n g i nt o eff e ct d ates of 2 0 2 4 a n d 2 0 2 9: “ Th at w o ul d h a ve t he i m p act of getti n g t he B C e missi o ns re d ucti o ns s o o ner a n d als o w he n t h os e e xe m pti o ns a n d w ai vers e x pire y o u’ ve g ot a n act u al H F O b a n a n d at le ast a 3 0 % re d ucti o n.”


A n e mi s si o n s st a n d ar d Th e s wit c h a w a y fr o m H F O a n d V L S F O t o M G O is a g o o d st art a n d h as i m m e di at e b e n efits, b ut b ur ni n g M G O still e mits


Gr e e n S hi p pi n g J a n u ar y 2 0 2 1


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