Fi g ur e 1. A gr a p h d e pi cti n g Vi n d s ki p ’ s F or c e C o ef Th ci e nt ( Dr a g a s p o siti v e c o ef Th ci e nt, P ull a s n e g ati v e) a s a f u n cti o n of t h e Y a w A n gl e ( A n gl e of Att a c k)
w h er e b y a v ess el h as a ut o m at e d pr o c ess es a n d d e cisi o n s u p p ort, b ut s e af ar ers ar e o n b o ar d t o o p er at e a n d c o ntr ol s hi p b o ar d s yst e ms a n d f u n cti o ns. “ O n b o ar d (Vi n ds ki p ) t h er e will b e a n or di n ar y n u m b er of cr e w d u e t o t h e v al u e of t h e c ar g o. It’s s o hi g h t h at n o b o d y w o ul d a c c e pt t h at t h e s hi p w as s aili n g wit h o ut t h e m,” L a d e c o m m e nts.
t h us if t h e s hi p o p er at e d o n wi n d- p o w er e d pr o p ulsi o n al o n e it w o ul d b e u n a bl e t o s ust ai n t h e 1 4 k n ot s er vi c e s p e e d re q uire d t o c o m pl et e ni n e tr a ns atl a nti c tri ps a n n u all y, a n u m b er sti p ul at e d b y Vi n ds ki p’ s cli e nt, a n u n n a m e d E ur o p e a n c ar m a n uf a ct urer. A n L N G- p o w er e d pr o p ulsi o n s yst e m
pr o vi d es t h e s e c o n d ar y p o w er n e c ess ar y f or t h e v ess el t o m ai nt ai n c o nst a nt s p e e d t hr o u g h o ut a v o y a g e, a ut o m ati c all y a dj ust e d wit h cr uis e c o ntr ol. D e vis e d b y Br u n v oll Vol d a, St a dt a n d H ø gl u n d Mari ne, t he s yste m is c a p a bl e of r u n ni n g o n t hr e e diff er e nt m o d es t h at c o v er a r a n g e of p o w er o ut p uts (s e e Ta bl e 1) a n d all o ws f or t h e mi xi n g of L N G a n d Li q ui fi e d Bi o g as ( L B G), Li q u e fi e d Bi o Met h a n e ( L B M) or Li q u e fi e d S y nt h eti c M et h a n e ( L S M). T his e n a bl es
Vi n ds ki p
fr e e d o m t o b u n k er d e p e n di n g o n f u el a v ail a bilit y a n d, a c c or di n g t o t h e c o m p a n y, s ets o ut a p at h w a y f or t h e s hi p t o p ot e nti all y r e a c h cl os e t o z er o e missi o ns wit h t h e i ntr o d u cti o n of L B M or L S M i n t h e f ut ur e. B ut t h e all-i m p ort a nt q u esti o n re m ai ns, h o w m u c h C O 2
tr a v elli n g i n Atl a nti c w at ers?
W e at h er r o uti n g I n 2 0 1 9, Vi n ds ki p ’s We at h er R o uti n g M o d ul e ( W R M) w as us e d al o n gsi d e hist ori c al w e at h er t o si m ul at e a y e ar’s w ort h of
v o y a g es. D esi g n e d b y t h e G er m a n r es e arc h i nstit ut e Fr a u n h of er C e nt er f or M ariti m e L o gisti cs a n d S er vi c es, Vi n ds ki p ’s W R M will b e utilis e d o n b o ar d t h e v ess el w h e n i n-s er vi c e t o c al c ul at e its o pti m u m r o ut e. It t a k es i nt o a c c o u nt t h e s hi p’s a er o d y n a mi c, h y dr o d y n a mi c, f u el c o ns u m pti o n, h ull a n d r u d d er c h ar a ct eristi cs as w ell as w e at h er f ore c ast d at a. Al o n g t h e W R M’s o pti mis e d r o ut e li es a
s eri es of c h e c k p oi nts, k n o w n as w a y p oi nts, w hi c h m o nit or t he s hi p’s pr o gress t hr o u g h o ut t h e v o y a g e vi a a di git al S p e e d Pil ot a n d Tr a c k Pil ot, as L a d e e x pl ai ns: “ ffi e Tr a c k Pil ot k n o ws t h e r o ut e a n d w h e n Vi n ds ki p is e nt eri n g a w a y p oi nt t h e pil ot will k n o w w h at c o urs e it’s o n a n d a dj ust a c c or di n gl y, t h e S p e e d Pil ot k n o ws t h e ti m e it s h o ul d b e at t h e w a y p oi nt a n d will a dj ust t h e s p e e d t o re a c h t h e n e xt w a y p oi nt i n t h e ri g ht ti m e.” S p e e d is t h e n alt er e d b y c h a n gi n g t h e
c a n Vi n ds ki p c urre ntl y s a v e w hil e
pr o p ell er pit c h a n d r e v ol uti o n, f oll o w e d b y st arti n g u p a n e n gi n e if m or e p o w er is n e e d e d: “ fiis is all d o n e a ut o m ati c all y, a n d t his m e a ns t h at Vi n ds ki p c a n f oll o w a r o ut e a ut o n o m o usl y. Yo u d o n’t n e e d p e o pl e o n t h e bri d g e, ot h er t h a n w h e n e nt eri n g or e xiti n g a h ar b o ur,” L a d e a d ds. A ut o n o m o usl y, i n t his c as e, f alls i nt o
l e v el o n e of t h e I nt er n ati o n al M ariti m e O r g a ni z ati o n’s d e g r e e s of a ut o n o m y,
T a bl e 1. Vi n d s ki p ’ s h y bri d e n gi n e s y st e m c a n f u n cti o n o n r a n g e of diff er e nt f u el s M o d e s a n d F u el s of t h e Pr o p ul si o n s y st e m
T h e M ai n E n gi n e o ut p ut is 5, 4 0 0 k W at 7 5 0r p m – a bl e t o r u n o n L N G & Bi o g a s T h e G e n s et 1 o ut p ut is 3, 4 5 0 k W at 7 2 0r p m – a bl e t o r u n o n L N G & Bi o g a s T h e G e n s et 2 o ut p ut is 3, 6 0 0 k W at 7 2 0r p m – a bl e t o r u n o n M D O & Bi of u el
Gr e e n S hi p pi n g J a n u ar y 2 0 2 1
R e s ult s a n d r e g ul arit y Ni n e tr a ns atl a nti c r o u n d tri ps, b et w e e n E m d e n – J a c ks o n vill e – Ver a Cr u z – E m d e n – w ere si m ul at e d b y t h e W R M a n d it w as f o u n d t h at, c o m p ar e d t o a r ef er e n c e 6, 6 0 0 c a p a cit y c ar c arri er, bl a c k c ar b o n a n d S O x ( 0. 5 % m/ m s ul p h ur) w er e r e d u c e d
b y 1 0 0 %, N O x r e d u cti o n b y 9 6 % a n d C O 2 b y 6 3 %. B ut L a d e c o m m e nts t h at t h es e c al c ul ati o ns w er e m a d e usi n g wi n d a n d L N G- p o w er e d pr o p ulsi o n, w hi c h h e s a ys pr o vi d es s c o p e f or f urt h er re d u cti o ns i n t h e f ut ur e: “ Th e Vi n ds ki p pr o p ulsi o n s yst e m is d esi g n e d i n a w a y t h at y o u c a n mi x L N G wit h bi o g as, a n d alt h o u g h o ur c al c ul ati o ns ar e b as e d o n L N G a n d wi n d, if y o u mi x i n bi o g as y o u will, of c o urs e, i m pr o v e t h e sit u ati o n wit h re g ar d t o t h e C O2
e missi o ns.” A n y wi n d- b as e d pr o p ulsi o n t hr o ws
r e g ul arit y i nt o q u esti o n b ut L a d e hi g hli g hts t h at t h e W R M’s si m ul ati o ns als o f o u n d m ar gi n al diff er e n c es i n v o y a g e d ur ati o n a n d f u el c o ns u m pti o n: “ D uri n g t h es e ni n e v o y a g es, t h e d ur ati o n f or o n e r o u n d tri p v ari e d b y t hr e e h o urs. Th e m a xi m u m v o y a g e d ur ati o n i n h o urs w as 7 7 1, a n d t h e l o w est w as 7 6 8.” “ Th er e w as a n a v er a g e f u el c o ns u m pti o n
of 1 5. 1t o n n es of L N G. A n d t h e a v er a g e f u el c o ns u m pti o n fr o m tri p-t o-tri p v ari e d b y 1. 5t o n n es a d a y, a n d I t hi n k t his is all q uit e a m a zi n g c o nsi d eri n g t h e w e at h er, w a v es a n d wi n d i n t h e Atl a nti c.”
T h e n e xt st e p Vi n ds ki p h as c o nti n u e d t o g ai n gr o u n d si n c e t h e pr oj e ct’s l a u n c h i n 2 0 1 0; t h e c o m p a n y h o p es t o si g n a n e w b uil di n g c o ntr a ct at t h e e n d of 2 0 2 1 a n d h as b e g u n dis c ussi o ns wit h f o ur C hi n es e s hi p b uil d ers t h at re m ai n a n o n y m o us. Wit h t h at, Vi n ds ki p c o ul d hit t h e w a v es n ot t o o f ar i n t h e dist a nt f ut ur e: “ To b uil d a s hi p li k e Vi n ds ki p
3 0 m o nt hs, s o if y o u s a y n e arl y t hr e e y e ars of c o nstr u cti o n ti m e a n d if w e st art b uil di n g at t h e b e gi n ni n g of 2 0 2 2, w e’r e l o o ki n g at ( c o m pl eti o n) b y 2 0 2 5,” L a d e c o n cl u d es. N A
2 3
it t a k es ar o u n d
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