APPLICATION OF CRM
A real-world example of how CRM may have saved lives can be found in psychologist David Myers’ Social Psychology textbook, comparing two airline crashes in the 1980’s:
“Bad” CRM AIR FLORIDA FLIGHT 90
Helmrich (1997)
...notes that flawed group dynamics were evident when an Air Florida plane lifted off from Washington’s National Airport on a winter day in 1982. Ice in a sensor caused the speed indicators to read too high, leading the captain to apply too little power as the plane ascended:
First Officer: Ah, that’s not right. Captain: Yes, it is, there’s 80 [referring to speed]. First Officer: Nah, I don’t think it’s right. Ah, maybe it is. Captain: Hundred and twenty. First Officer: I don’t know.
It wasn’t right, and the First Officer’s muting his concerns led to the plane’s stalling and crashing into a Potomac River bridge, killing all but five people on board.
“Good” CRM UNITED 232
In 1989, the three-person crew flying a United Airlines DC-10 flight from Denver to Chicago responded as a model team threatened by imminent disaster. The crew, which had been trained in crew resource management, faced the disintegration of the center engine, severing lines to the rudder and ailerons needed to maneuver the plane.
In the 34 minutes before crash landing, just short of the Sioux City airport runway, the crew had to devise a strategy for bringing the plane under control, assessing damage, choosing a landing site, and preparing the crew and passengers for the crash.
Minute-by-minute analysis of the cockpit conversation revealed intense interaction-31 communications per minute (one per second at its peak). In these minutes the crewmembers, including the F/As, recruited a fourth pilot who was flying as a passenger, prioritized their work, and kept one another aware of unfolding events and decisions. Junior crewmembers freely suggested alternatives and the captain responded with appropriate commands. Bursts of social conversation provided emotional support, enabling the crew to cope with the extreme stress, and to save the lives of 185 of the 296 people on board.
5 CRM 2, TEM, Fatigue
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