TEM COUNTERMEASURES


The system before flight crews report for duty, and are therefore considered as systemic- based countermeasures. The following would be examples of “hard” resources that flight crews employ as systemic-based countermeasures:


• Airborne Collision Avoidance System (ACAS) • Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) • Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) • Checklists • Briefings • Training


Other countermeasures are more directly related to the human contribution to the safety of flight operations. These are personal strategies and tactics, individual and team countermeasures, that typically include canvassed skills, knowledge and attitudes developed by human performance training, most notably, by Crew Resource Management (CRM) training.


There are basically three categories of individual and team countermeasures:


• Planning countermeasures: essential for managing anticipated and unexpected threats


• Execution countermeasures: essential for error detection and error response • Review countermeasures: essential for managing the changing conditions of a flight


COMMUNICATION AND MONITORING STRATEGIES Verbalize, Verify and Monitor (VVM) VVM is and effective TEM strategy to counter threats and errors encountered in flight operations.


Crewmembers should: • Verbalize plans and ideas • Verify them with others • Monitor for the unexpected


CRM 2, TEM, Fatigue 10


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