Table 1 Dietary Reference Intakes for Niacin2 Life-stage group
RDA, mg NEa
Infants, mo 0-6
7-12
Children, y 1-3 4-8
Males, yc 9-13
14-18 ≥19
Females, yc 9-13
14-18 ≥19
Pregnant individuals, y 14-18 19-50
Lactating individuals, y 14-18
19-50
UL, Tolerable Upper Intake Level. a
the two. c
2c 4c
6 8
12 16 16
12 14 14
18 18
17 17
1 mg niacin = 60 mg tryptophan; 0-6 months as preformed niacin (not NE). b The UL applies to synthetic forms obtained from supplements, fortified foods, or a combination of Adequate Intake (AI) levels. c Specific recommendations for transgender people were not provided. /d
Primary niacin deficiency occurs from inadequate intake of NEs, whereas secondary niacin deficiency results from chronic malabsorptive disorders such as diarrhea, cirrhosis, or alco- holism. Niacin deficiency is rare in industrialized countries but can be seen in areas where low food availability or variety is present. Lack of tryptophan, riboflavin, and pyridoxine is commonly linked to primary niacin deficiency that presents as pellegra.11 deficiencies can manifest as insomnia in specified populations.12
Borderline NE Niacin deficiencies can be
corrected with sufficient replenishment of NEs, along with complete protein sources and the B vitamins riboflavin and pyridoxine.1
Groups at Risk for Inadequacy
Individuals who consume a non–lye-treated maize-based diet paired with low protein intake are at risk for niacin deficiency.1,3,6
416 HEALTH PROFESSIONALS GUIDE TO DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS NEs in maize are covalently bound to glycosides,