8.
Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Fenugreek. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 2006. Updated July 20, 2020. Accessed October 5, 2020. www . ncbi . nlm . nih . gov / books / NBK501779
9. Rao PU, Sesikeran B, Rao PS, Naidu AN, Rao VV, Ramachandran EP. Short term nutritional and safety evaluation of fenugreek. Nutr Res. 1996;16(9):1495-1505. doi:10 . 1016 / 0271-5317(96)00163-7
10. Sharma RD, Sarkar A, Hazra DK, Misra B, Singh JB, Maheshwari BB. Toxicological evaluation of fenugreek seeds: a long term feeding experiment in diabetic patients. Phytother Res. 1996;10(6):519-520. doi:10 . 1002 / (SICI)1099 -1573(199609)10:6<519::AID-PTR873>3 . 0 . CO;2-T
11. Neelakantan N, Narayanan M, de Souza RJ, van Dam RM. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) intake on glycemia: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Nutr J. 2014;13:7-7. doi:10 . 1186 / 1475-2891-13-7
12. Ouzir M, El Bairi K, Amzazi S. Toxicological properties of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Food Chem Toxicol. 2016;96:145-154. doi:10 . 1016 / j . fct . 2016 . 08 . 003
13. Fenugreek. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Published August 2020. Accessed October 5, 2020. www . nccih . nih . gov / health / fenugreek
14. Majumdar J, Chakraborty P, Mitra A, Sarkar NK, Sarkar S. Fenugreek, a potent hypoglycaemic herb can cause central hypothyroidism via leptin—a threat to diabetes phytotherapy. Exp Clin Endocr Diab. 2017;125(07):441-448. doi:10 . 1055 / s-0043-103458
15. Wani SA, Kumar P. Fenugreek: a review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci. 2018;17(2):97-106. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jssas . 2016 . 01 . 007
16. Kandhare AD, Bodhankar SL, Mohan V, Thakurdesai PA. Pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and excretion study of a furostanol glycoside-based standardized fenugreek seed extract in
rats.Ren Fail. 2015;37(7):1208-1218. doi:10 . 3109 / 0886022X . 2015 . 1057472
17. Hannan JMA, Ali L, Rokeya B, et al. Soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br J Nutr. 2007;97(3):514-521. doi:10 . 1017 / S0007114507657869
18. Vijayakumar MV, Bhat MK. Hypoglycemic effect of a novel dialysed fenugreek seeds extract is sustainable and is mediated, in part, by the activation of hepatic enzymes. Phytother Res. 2008;22(4):500-505. doi:10 . 1002 / ptr . 2351
19. Abdel-Barry JA, Abdel-Hassan IA, Jawad AM, al-Hakiem MH. Hypoglycaemic effect of aqueous extract of the leaves of Trigonella foenum-graecum in healthy volunteers. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6(1):83-88.
20. Lambert J-P, Cormier J. Potential interaction between warfarin and boldo-fenugreek. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21(4):509-512. doi:10 . 1592 / phco . 21 . 5 . 509 . 34492
21. Abebe W. Herbal medication: potential for adverse interactions with analgesic drugs. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2002;27(6):391-401. doi:10 . 1046 / j . 1365-2710 . 2002 . 00444 . x
22. Mullaicharam AR, Deori G, Maheswari RU. Medicinal values of fenugreek—a
review.Res J Pharm Biol Chem Sci. 2013;4(1):1304-1313.
23. Patil SP, Niphadkar PV, Bapat MM. Allergy to fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum). Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;78(3):297-300. doi:10 . 1016 / S1081-1206(10)63185-7
24. Raghuram TC, Sharma RD, Sivakumar B, Sahay BK. Effect of fenugreek seeds on intravenous glucose disposition in non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Phytother Res. 1994;8(2):83-86. doi:10 . 1002 / ptr . 2650080206
25. Kaczmar T. Herbal support for diabetes management. Clin Nutr Insights. 1998;6:1-4.
26. Gong J, Fang K, Dong H, Wang D, Hu M, Lu F. Effect of fenugreek on hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetes and prediabetes: a meta-analysis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2016;194(24):260-268. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jep . 2016 . 08 . 003
27. Bancks MP, Ning H, Allen NB, et al. Long-term absolute risk for cardiovascular disease stratified by fasting glucose level. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(3):457-465. doi:10 . 2337 / dc18-1773
28. Heshmat-Ghahdarijani K, Mashayekhiasl N, Amerizadeh A, Teimouri Jervekani Z, Sadeghi M. Effect of fenugreek consumption on serum lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2020:1-16. doi:10 . 1002 / ptr . 6690
29. Zameer S, Najmi AK, Vohora D, Akhtar M. A review on therapeutic potentials of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) and its chemical constituents in neurological disorders: complementary roles to its hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant potential. Nutr Neurosci. 2018;21(8):539-545. doi:10 . 1080 / 1028415X . 2017 . 1327200
30. Khan TM, Wu DB-C, Dolzhenko AV. Effectiveness of fenugreek as a galactagogue: a network meta-analysis. Phytother Res. 2018;32(3):402-412. doi:10 . 1002 / ptr . 5972
31. Ravi R, Joseph J. Effect of fenugreek on breast milk production and weight gain among infants in the first week of life. Clin Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;8(3):656-660. doi:10 . 1016 / j . cegh . 2019 . 12 . 021
32. Younesy S, Amiraliakbari S, Esmaeili S, Alavimajd H, Nouraei S. Effects of fenugreek seed on the severity and systemic symptoms of dysmenorrhea.J Reprod Infertil. 2014;15(1):41-48.
33. Inanmdar W, Sultana A, Mubeen U, Rahman K. Clinical efficacy of Trigonella foenum graecum (fenugreek) and dry cupping therapy on intensity of pain in patients with primary dysmenorrhea. Chin J Integr Med. 2016. doi:10 . 1007 / s11655-016-2259-x
228 HEALTH PROFESSIONALS GUIDE TO DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140 |
Page 141 |
Page 142 |
Page 143 |
Page 144 |
Page 145 |
Page 146 |
Page 147 |
Page 148 |
Page 149 |
Page 150 |
Page 151 |
Page 152 |
Page 153 |
Page 154 |
Page 155 |
Page 156 |
Page 157 |
Page 158 |
Page 159 |
Page 160 |
Page 161 |
Page 162 |
Page 163 |
Page 164 |
Page 165 |
Page 166 |
Page 167 |
Page 168 |
Page 169 |
Page 170 |
Page 171 |
Page 172 |
Page 173 |
Page 174 |
Page 175 |
Page 176 |
Page 177 |
Page 178 |
Page 179 |
Page 180 |
Page 181 |
Page 182 |
Page 183 |
Page 184 |
Page 185 |
Page 186 |
Page 187 |
Page 188 |
Page 189 |
Page 190 |
Page 191 |
Page 192 |
Page 193 |
Page 194 |
Page 195 |
Page 196 |
Page 197 |
Page 198 |
Page 199 |
Page 200 |
Page 201 |
Page 202 |
Page 203 |
Page 204 |
Page 205 |
Page 206 |
Page 207 |
Page 208 |
Page 209 |
Page 210 |
Page 211 |
Page 212 |
Page 213 |
Page 214 |
Page 215 |
Page 216 |
Page 217 |
Page 218 |
Page 219 |
Page 220 |
Page 221 |
Page 222 |
Page 223 |
Page 224 |
Page 225 |
Page 226 |
Page 227 |
Page 228 |
Page 229 |
Page 230 |
Page 231 |
Page 232 |
Page 233 |
Page 234 |
Page 235 |
Page 236 |
Page 237 |
Page 238 |
Page 239 |
Page 240 |
Page 241 |
Page 242 |
Page 243 |
Page 244 |
Page 245 |
Page 246 |
Page 247 |
Page 248 |
Page 249 |
Page 250 |
Page 251 |
Page 252 |
Page 253 |
Page 254 |
Page 255 |
Page 256 |
Page 257 |
Page 258 |
Page 259 |
Page 260 |
Page 261 |
Page 262 |
Page 263 |
Page 264 |
Page 265 |
Page 266 |
Page 267 |
Page 268 |
Page 269 |
Page 270 |
Page 271 |
Page 272 |
Page 273 |
Page 274 |
Page 275 |
Page 276 |
Page 277 |
Page 278 |
Page 279 |
Page 280 |
Page 281 |
Page 282 |
Page 283 |
Page 284 |
Page 285 |
Page 286 |
Page 287 |
Page 288 |
Page 289 |
Page 290 |
Page 291 |
Page 292 |
Page 293 |
Page 294 |
Page 295 |
Page 296 |
Page 297 |
Page 298 |
Page 299 |
Page 300 |
Page 301 |
Page 302 |
Page 303 |
Page 304 |
Page 305 |
Page 306 |
Page 307 |
Page 308 |
Page 309 |
Page 310 |
Page 311 |
Page 312 |
Page 313 |
Page 314 |
Page 315 |
Page 316 |
Page 317 |
Page 318 |
Page 319 |
Page 320 |
Page 321 |
Page 322 |
Page 323 |
Page 324 |
Page 325 |
Page 326 |
Page 327 |
Page 328 |
Page 329 |
Page 330 |
Page 331 |
Page 332 |
Page 333 |
Page 334 |
Page 335 |
Page 336 |
Page 337 |
Page 338 |
Page 339 |
Page 340 |
Page 341 |
Page 342 |
Page 343 |
Page 344 |
Page 345 |
Page 346 |
Page 347 |
Page 348 |
Page 349 |
Page 350 |
Page 351 |
Page 352 |
Page 353 |
Page 354 |
Page 355 |
Page 356 |
Page 357 |
Page 358 |
Page 359 |
Page 360 |
Page 361 |
Page 362 |
Page 363 |
Page 364 |
Page 365 |
Page 366 |
Page 367 |
Page 368 |
Page 369 |
Page 370 |
Page 371 |
Page 372 |
Page 373 |
Page 374 |
Page 375 |
Page 376 |
Page 377 |
Page 378 |
Page 379 |
Page 380 |
Page 381 |
Page 382 |
Page 383 |
Page 384 |
Page 385 |
Page 386 |
Page 387 |
Page 388 |
Page 389 |
Page 390 |
Page 391 |
Page 392 |
Page 393 |
Page 394 |
Page 395 |
Page 396 |
Page 397 |
Page 398 |
Page 399 |
Page 400 |
Page 401 |
Page 402 |
Page 403 |
Page 404 |
Page 405 |
Page 406 |
Page 407 |
Page 408 |
Page 409 |
Page 410 |
Page 411 |
Page 412 |
Page 413 |
Page 414 |
Page 415 |
Page 416 |
Page 417 |
Page 418 |
Page 419 |
Page 420 |
Page 421 |
Page 422 |
Page 423 |
Page 424 |
Page 425 |
Page 426 |
Page 427 |
Page 428 |
Page 429 |
Page 430 |
Page 431 |
Page 432 |
Page 433 |
Page 434 |
Page 435 |
Page 436 |
Page 437 |
Page 438 |
Page 439 |
Page 440 |
Page 441 |
Page 442 |
Page 443 |
Page 444 |
Page 445 |
Page 446 |
Page 447 |
Page 448 |
Page 449 |
Page 450 |
Page 451 |
Page 452 |
Page 453 |
Page 454 |
Page 455 |
Page 456 |
Page 457 |
Page 458 |
Page 459 |
Page 460 |
Page 461 |
Page 462 |
Page 463 |
Page 464 |
Page 465 |
Page 466 |
Page 467 |
Page 468 |
Page 469 |
Page 470 |
Page 471 |
Page 472 |
Page 473 |
Page 474 |
Page 475 |
Page 476 |
Page 477 |
Page 478 |
Page 479 |
Page 480 |
Page 481 |
Page 482 |
Page 483 |
Page 484 |
Page 485 |
Page 486 |
Page 487 |
Page 488 |
Page 489 |
Page 490 |
Page 491 |
Page 492 |
Page 493 |
Page 494 |
Page 495 |
Page 496 |
Page 497 |
Page 498 |
Page 499 |
Page 500 |
Page 501 |
Page 502 |
Page 503 |
Page 504 |
Page 505 |
Page 506 |
Page 507 |
Page 508 |
Page 509 |
Page 510 |
Page 511 |
Page 512 |
Page 513 |
Page 514 |
Page 515 |
Page 516 |
Page 517 |
Page 518 |
Page 519 |
Page 520 |
Page 521 |
Page 522 |
Page 523 |
Page 524 |
Page 525 |
Page 526 |
Page 527 |
Page 528 |
Page 529 |
Page 530 |
Page 531 |
Page 532 |
Page 533 |
Page 534 |
Page 535 |
Page 536 |
Page 537 |
Page 538 |
Page 539 |
Page 540 |
Page 541 |
Page 542 |
Page 543 |
Page 544 |
Page 545 |
Page 546 |
Page 547 |
Page 548 |
Page 549 |
Page 550 |
Page 551 |
Page 552 |
Page 553 |
Page 554 |
Page 555 |
Page 556 |
Page 557 |
Page 558 |
Page 559 |
Page 560 |
Page 561 |
Page 562 |
Page 563 |
Page 564 |
Page 565 |
Page 566 |
Page 567 |
Page 568 |
Page 569 |
Page 570 |
Page 571 |
Page 572 |
Page 573 |
Page 574 |
Page 575 |
Page 576 |
Page 577 |
Page 578 |
Page 579 |
Page 580 |
Page 581 |
Page 582 |
Page 583 |
Page 584 |
Page 585 |
Page 586 |
Page 587 |
Page 588 |
Page 589 |
Page 590 |
Page 591 |
Page 592 |
Page 593 |
Page 594 |
Page 595 |
Page 596 |
Page 597 |
Page 598 |
Page 599 |
Page 600 |
Page 601 |
Page 602 |
Page 603 |
Page 604 |
Page 605 |
Page 606 |
Page 607 |
Page 608 |
Page 609 |
Page 610 |
Page 611 |
Page 612 |
Page 613 |
Page 614 |
Page 615 |
Page 616 |
Page 617 |
Page 618 |
Page 619 |
Page 620 |
Page 621 |
Page 622 |
Page 623 |
Page 624 |
Page 625 |
Page 626 |
Page 627 |
Page 628 |
Page 629 |
Page 630 |
Page 631 |
Page 632 |
Page 633 |
Page 634 |
Page 635 |
Page 636 |
Page 637 |
Page 638 |
Page 639 |
Page 640 |
Page 641 |
Page 642 |
Page 643 |
Page 644 |
Page 645 |
Page 646 |
Page 647 |
Page 648 |
Page 649 |
Page 650 |
Page 651 |
Page 652 |
Page 653 |
Page 654 |
Page 655 |
Page 656 |
Page 657 |
Page 658 |
Page 659 |
Page 660 |
Page 661 |
Page 662 |
Page 663 |
Page 664 |
Page 665 |
Page 666 |
Page 667 |
Page 668 |
Page 669 |
Page 670 |
Page 671 |
Page 672 |
Page 673 |
Page 674 |
Page 675 |
Page 676 |
Page 677 |
Page 678 |
Page 679 |
Page 680 |
Page 681 |
Page 682 |
Page 683 |
Page 684 |
Page 685 |
Page 686 |
Page 687 |
Page 688 |
Page 689 |
Page 690 |
Page 691 |
Page 692 |
Page 693 |
Page 694