supplementation with chia seed (Salba) lowered systolic blood pressure among the study participants. Orona-Tamayo et al17


analyzed and identified chia protein fractions


to determine their antihypertensive potential. Proteins from chia flour were fractionated and the peptides were evaluated to assess antihypertensive action against angiotensin I– converting enzyme (ACE).17


The investigators found that the globulin and albumin protein


fractions promoted greater ACE inhibition activities. It seems that chia peptides might be natural ACE inhibitors in humans. In a systematic review, de Souza Ferrira et al18


explored


the effect of chia seed consumption on cardiovascular risk factors in humans. Following a review of the literature, seven studies met the criteria for inclusion. The researchers found that one study showed a decrease in systolic blood pressure and inflammatory markers. Most of the studies did not demonstrate a substantial effect on cardiovascular risk factors. The overall bias in the study ranged from low to high.18


Type 2 Diabetes


There are a small number of trials investigating the effects of chia seed consumption on persons with type 2 diabetes. The available studies report mixed findings.8,9,19 by Nieman et al8


glucose levels. Vuksan et al9


described earlier, consumption of 50 g chia seed had no effect on fasting found that supplementation with chia seed (Salba) had no


effect on hemoglobin A1c, fasting glucose, and insulin levels. They studied 15 healthy volunteers with a mean BMI of 22.2 ± 0.8 and randomly assigned them to receive either no supplement or a 50-g glucose challenge supplemented with 25 g ground Salba-chia or 31.5 g flax during three different sessions. They found that Salba-chia and flax reduced the blood glucose area under the curve over 120 min. Chia seeds flattened peak glucose levels at a more significant rate than flax seeds. Chia seeds seem to convert to a slow-release carbohydrate to a greater degree than flax, which resulted in improved glucose control.19 Marcinek and Krejpcio20


conducted a review exploring the literature on the health-


promoting properties of chia seeds and their therapeutic applications. The review included three studies investigating the effect of consuming chia seeds with varying doses on post- prandial (120 minutes) blood glucose levels. The authors found that ingesting a moderate dose of chia seeds (approximately 25 g) reduced the blood glucose area under the curve. Their review is included in the study by Vuksan et al.19


Obesity


A small number of trials investigated the effects of chia on obesity and reported mixed find- ings.8,19,21


Nieman et al8 composition or body mass. Vuksan et al19 measured by overall appetite score and mean ratings of desire to eat. Jin et al21


the ingestion of 25 g chia seeds daily for 7 weeks on body mass as well as ALA and eicosapen- taenoic acid levels among 10 women†


Teoh et al6


chia seeds in the management of various disease states. They found no effect of chia seed ingestion on weight loss, lean mass, BMI, waist and hip circumference, and android fat.


† Study participants were described as women. Gender was not further specified. 142 HEALTH PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS


found that the consumption of 50 g chia seeds had no effect on body found that Salba-chia and flax improved satiety, as investigated


who were overweight. They found an increase in blood


ALA and eicosapentaenoic acid levels but no changes in body composition with supplemen- tation.21


conducted a meta-analysis of 12 clinical trials and assessed the use of In the study


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