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CHAPTER 3: LIFE ON THE LINE


2017). Particulate matter has very harmful effects on the human body, to which young children and middle- to-old aged people are particularly susceptable (Solaimani et al. 2017; Karottki et al. 2014; Schuepp and Sly 2012). This effect is even more pronounced in rural areas where the usage of biomass cooking stoves disproportionately affects women who cook indoors and their small children (Devakumar et al. 2018).


41


Additionally, the presence of high PM levels in the atmosphere has been shown to reduce outdoor activity in young people, reducing overall physical activity (An and Yu 2018). Many cities the Asia-Pacific region have PM2.5 levels high above the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of an annual mean of 10 micrograms per cubic metre (µg/m3) (Figure 21), and serious action is needed for people in these highly urbanized areas to breathe cleaner air.


180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0


Average PM2.5


Minimum PM2.5


Maximum PM2.5 Figure 21: Annual mean PM2.5 exposure in selected countries in Asia and the Pacific Source: WHO, 2018


Australia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Iran


Japan Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Pakistan


Philippines Republic of Korea


Thailand Viet Nam


micrograms per cubic metre


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