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CHAPTER 2: CIRCLE OF LIFE


the region is significant, especially for the women who contribute to seafood harvesting and trading (Monfort 2015; Harper et al. 2013). In other local communities, these ecosystems have spiritual and cultural significance that are equally as important as the other services; an example is the traditional knowledge systems of the Pacific island countries that have long been influenced and shaped by the nature of their local ecosystems (Forsyth 2011).


The oceans also have a central role in regulating climate, and are by far the largest carbon sink of Earth. Almost 93 per cent of the world's carbon dioxide is stored in marine life, such as algae, fish and corals (Khatiwala et al. 2009). A new concept called fish carbon (Toomey 2018) describes the various carbon interactions of marine vertebrates that contribute to the storage of carbon that would otherwise enter the atmosphere and add to global warming (UNEP 2018; Rogers et al. 2014). It was roughly estimated that more than 1.5 billion tonnes of carbon are captured and stored annually by fish and other marine life in the high-seas ecosystems (Rogers et al. 2014). Most of the extra heat generated by global warming has gone into the oceans. There is an urgent need for nations in the Asia-Pacific region to recognize the role of oceans in mitigating climate change impacts and contributing to the achievement of SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.


Maintaining healthy coastal and marine ecosystems will help guarantee the wellbeing of approximately 1 billion people who live near the coast (Talaue-McManus 2006). With an estimated 325 million people expected to live near the cost by 2026 (UNEP 2016), the integrity of these ecosystems is necessary to provide security to


A video link


https://vimeo.com/295991431 Source: Toomey, J. “Fish Carbon, Exploring Marine Vertebrate Carbon Services”. Animated video, produced by GRID-Arendal and Blue Climate Solutions, 23 Sept. 2018,


21


human communities in Asia and the Pacific. At present, coastal and marine ecosystems are threatened, particularly the coral reefs in South and Southeast Asia (IPBES 2018). According to the mid-term review of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Aichi targets, “extensive coastal development and unsustainable exploitation of marine resources have resulted in the disappearance of over 40 per cent of coral reefs and mangroves, leading to declines in fish stocks” (UNEP-WCMC 2016). The damage to coral reefs, mostly due to pollution and climate change (Box 7), has wide-ranging implications for food security, tourism and overall marine biodiversity (IPBES 2018).


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