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devastation. It’s also one that has long associations with advances in science and technology. It was once home to Europe's first printing press - and the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus's work was published here in 1543. For centuries, it was home to German kings who kept their crown jewels here, and something of a magnet for artists. Albrecht Dürer, the leading name in the German Renaissance School, was born here. The city was first mentioned in
official records in 1050 as Noremberg,
although it had its origins in a castle, now known as Kaiserburg, which was built about 10 years earlier by the then German King Henry III, Duke of Bavaria. A settlement was built around the castle, and in 1219 the city was granted its first charter, later gaining full independence and becoming a free imperial city. By the latter part of the 13th century, it was no longer solely a fortified settlement, having since developed into a city of craftsmen and patricians, and thriving as an important manufacturing and commercial centre. Even though it was severely damaged in the Second World
War, many of the medieval buildings in the Altstadt, or Old Town, have been effectively restored using local stone. Most of its most popular attractions sit behind its historic walls, which extend to five kilometres and date from the 14th to 15th centuries, which were strengthened. The extensive pathways that follow the walls lead to numerous gates and towers, many of which can still be explored. The finest stretch is generally thought to be that on the west side of the town, between the Spittlertor and the former Maxtor. For the best views of the walls and the old town, the best vantage point is the Fürther Tor. By the 19th century, the city had become a powerhouse of Germany’s industrial revolution. Martin Luther once
described it as one that “shines throughout Germany like a sun among the moon and stars”. Most tourists tend to time their visits around the city’s many festivals. Favourites tend to be the two-week long Old Town Festival, essentially a folk music event, and International Organ Week, which runs from late June to mid-July. A good tourist route into the historic centre begins by entering through Königstor, next to which you will see the Frauentorturm. A short walk along Königstrasse takes you to an open-air market and the church of St Lawrence, one of the three most important in Nuremberg, on the way to the main square. This is effectively the heart of the city where you will find the gothic Church of Our Lady (Frauenkirche), whose facade contains the Männleinlaufen, a beautiful old clock with mechanical figures that starts playing every day at noon. In another corner of the square stand the Beautiful
Fountain, a 19-meter-long gothic steeple guarded by a fence that contains a golden circle which, if turned to the left three times, it is said grants a wish. The Imperial Castle of Nuremberg features prominently in the two-hour walking tours of the Old Town. It’s basically a cluster of buildings that together form a 351-meter-tall fortification, considered one of the most important surviving medieval fortresses in Europe and one that housed all German kings and emperors from 1050 to 1571. At its lower end are the imperial stables, built in 1495 but now a youth hostel, and the Pentagonal Tower, which dates from 1040. Higher up is the 11th-century Kaiserburg and the Sinwell Tower known for its panoramic views Another popular attraction is the Deep Well in the old two-story Well House built in 1563. It is said to be 50 metres deep and visits are only allowed if accompanied
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