Lube-Tech PUBLISHED BY LUBE: THE EUROPEAN LUBRICANTS INDUSTRY MAGAZINE
use. Testing used cutting fluids on human volunteers is untenable for ethical reasons since the precise composition of a used working fluid is not known. With in vitro systems, where such concerns do not exist, tests were performed in order to differentiate between used and unused cutting fluids. Product C was tested as a 5% product dilution on cornea models. In parallel, used samples of product C taken from different tanks in an Italian factory were tested. The results are summarised in Table 5 and Figure 5. Product from tank 1 and tank 2 induced a LDH release comparable or only slightly higher than that induced by the unused product C. In contrast product C from tank 3 induced a higher LDH release, heralding upcoming problems in skin compatibility.
compatible. In addition, due to the model nature of in vitro tests an additional human in vivo test should be performed for each new product to verify the absence of any irritancy potential.
1 Berndt, U, Hinnen U, Iliev D, Elsner P. Hand eczema in metalworker trainees – an
analysis of risk factors. Contact Dermatitis 2000; 43: 327-332. 2
Contact Dermatitis 2001; 44: 166-172. 3
Funke U, Fartasch M, Diepgen TL. Incidence of work-related hand eczema during apprenticeship: first results of a prospective cohort study in the car industry.
De Boer, E.M, van Ketel, W.G, Brynzeel, D. P. Dermatoses in metal workers (I).
Irritant contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 1989; 20: 212-218. 4
22: 86-94. 5
De Boer E.M, Scholten, R.J.P.M, van Ketel, W-G, Bruynzell, D.P. The irritancy of metalworking fluids: a laser Doppler flowmetry study. Contact Dermatitis 1990;
Pittermann, W, Holtmann, W, Kietzmann, M. Systematic in vitro studies of the skin compatibility of cutting fluids. Dermatologie in Beruf und Umwelt 2003;
51: D56-D66. 6
Poumay Y, Coquette A. Modelling the human epidermis in vitro: tools for basic and
applied research. Arch Dermatol Res 2006. Arch Dermat Res 2007; 298: 361-369. 7
Fentem, J.H, Archer, G.E.B, Balls, M, Botham, P.A, Curren, R.D, Earl, L.K, Esdaile, D.J, Holzhütter, H-D, Liebsch, M. The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity. 2. Results and evaluation by the management team.
Toxicology in Vitro 1998 ; 12: 483-524. 8
OECD [Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development]. Guideline
431: In Vitro Skin Corrosion: Human Skin Model Test, 8 pp. Paris: OECD (2004). 9
Botham P A, Chamberlain M, Barratt M D, Curren R D, Esdaile D J, Gardner J R, Gordon V C, Hildebrand B, Lewis R W, Liebsch M, Logemann P, Osborne R, Ponec M, Régnier J-F, Steiling W, Walker A P, Balls M. A prevalidation study on in votro
Figure 5: Course of LDH-release from cornea models after treatment with used and unused products in 5% product dilution. Values are shown as % of negative control (n=4).
skin corrosivity testing. ATLA 1995; 23: 219-255. 10
De Brugerolle de Fraisinette A, Picarles V, Chibout S, Kolopp M, Medina J, Burtin
P, Ebelin M-E, Osborne S, Mayer F K, Spake A, Rosdy M, De Wever B, Ettlin R A, Cordier A. Predictivity of an in vitro model for acute and chronic skin irritation (SkinEthic) applied to the testing of topical vehicles. Cell Biol. Toxicol. 1999;
Frosch PJ, Kligman AM. The soap chamber test. A new method for assessing the irritancy of soaps. J Am Acad Dermatol 1979; 1: 35 - 41.
15: 121-135. 11
Dr. Christel Adomat Study of Chemistry, Doctoral thesis in Biochemistry Henkel KGaA since 2000 Phenion GmbH&
Co.KG, a 100% affiliate of Henkel since 2006 Curently dermatological consultant of Henkel's buisness units Adhesives, Sealants & Surface Treatment and Laundry & Home Care.
Conclusion The data presented here shows that epidermis models and cornea models with cells of human origin are useful for investigating the skin compatibility of cutting fluids. Differentiation between metal working fluids with low irritation potential is possible. We propose the skin models as test method that is able to differentiate the skin compatibility of products that are indistinguishable from another and scored as having good skin compatibility in human 24 h Patch Tests. These in vitro tests are particularly suitable for comparing different formulations, e.g. in the development of new products. Used cutting fluids can be tested in these models without any ethical concerns.
We can assume that the differentiation in the in vitro method is relevant under the extensive skin contact of the cutting fluids in working conditions. More experience is needed to define the limit of LDH release below which a cutting fluid can be considered skin
4 LUBE MAGAZINE 79 JUNE 2007
Dr. Joachim Kremer: Study of Biology, Doctoral thesis in Immunology Henkel KGaA since 1995 Phenion GmbH&
Co.KG, a 100% affiliate of Henkel since 2006 Curently head of service laboratories in vitro and in vivo. Experimental studies for skin compatibility and claim support for internal and external customers.
Dr. Henry Rossmaier: Study of Chemistry, Doctoral thesis in Organic Chemistry Henkel KGaA since 1986 Currently head of product development and application technology of metal working fluids.
Link
www.henkel.com
No.52
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36
