24 Water / Wastewater


Accurate fl ow, level and temperature measurement in a single device for large-scale water chillers


Water engineers, technicians and contractors responsible for large- scale chilled water systems providing refrigerated water will fi nd the dependable dual-alarm FLT93S Series Flow Switch from Fluid Components International (FCI) provides exceptional system monitoring, alarming and switching to keep their cooled water fl owing while avoiding equipment damage and system downtime.


These large, chilled water systems are frequently found in district energy systems. They provide building owners with centralised cooling, and heating too, which serves city business districts, medical and corporate campuses, universities or convention centres by providing more economical, climate-friendly heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). No matter the type of district energy plant, FCI’s FLT93S Flow Switch provides liquid fl ow, level and/or temperature monitoring and switching as the chilled or hot water passes from the plant through a network of pipes to the district’s buildings. Once the energy transfer of cooled or heated water occurs at each building, any remaining water fl ows back to the plant for reuse.


FCI’s dual alarm FLT93S Flow Switch Series reliably monitors the fl ow and temperature of liquids, gases, slurries and more. These fl ow switches are valuable where unexpected reductions in liquid or other media fl ow rates leave chillers, pumps and other types of equipment, which are sensitive to dry running conditions, ready to grind to a halt, which can result in process shutdowns that require trouble-shooting, extensive repairs or even equipment replacement.


When Alarm 1 occurs, the FLT93S Switch has detected a liquid low fl ow situation anywhere between 0.003 to 0.9 meters per second (0.01 and 3 feet per second). The Alarm 1 low fl ow alarm can be regarded as a pre-warning signal for the control system or the operator. The system or operator can then decide to keep the water refrigeration system running or decide to shut it down for inspection and potential repair.


If Alarm 2 occurs, it is because the water feed line is either running below the minimum required liquid fl ow rate or actually running dry, this condition is an emergency signal to shut down the refrigeration system immediately. In these situations, equipment damage can occur very quickly. Using a fl ow switch prevents serious or permanent damage to the equipment that will then defi nitely require costly repairs or even replacement.


The advanced FLT93S Flow Switch is a dual-function instrument that indicates both fl ow and temperature, and/or level sensing in a single device. Dual 6A relay outputs are standard and are assignable to fl ow, level or temperature. The FLT93S Switch can be specifi ed in either insertion or inline styles for pipe or tube installation.


FCI fl ow switches are electronic fl ow switches that apply thermal dispersion fl ow measurement technology to provide a highly accurate and repeatable fl ow rate to achieve highly reliable and repeatable setpoint detection. When the fl ow rate is above (high fl ow) or below (low fl ow) the user-defi ned setpoint, electronic fl ow switches trigger an output signal, typically a relay or transistor, to change state.


FCI is the only thermal fl ow switch manufacturer providing sensor temperature compensation to ensure set point accuracy for process temperatures that vary up to ±100°F. The FLT93S Flow Switch is easily fi eld-confi gured or factory pre-set, providing unparalleled fl exibility, accuracy and stability for all multiple process sensing and switching requirements.


The rugged FLT93S Switch is hydrostatically proof pressure tested to 3500 psig [240 bar (g)] at 70°F (21°C). De-rated with temperature, the maximum operation service recommended is 2350 psig [162 bar (g)] at 500°F (260°C). Higher ratings are available with special construction and test certifi cation. Approvals available include SIL, SIL2, FM/FMc, ATEX, CSA, CRN, CE, EAC/ TR CU, EQM/ECAS, IECEx and Inmetro.


Highly dependable, FCI’s versatile FLT93S Switches are ideal for applications in many demanding hazardous process industries. They also used extensively with or without SIL2 certifi cation in a wide variety of applications in the food/beverage, mining/milling, pulp/paper, pharmaceutical, water/wastewater treatment and more.


Featuring an all-welded, no-moving parts design, the FLT93S Switches require virtually no maintenance. There is nothing to break, clog or foul requiring continuous maintenance. They are available in various materials: 316L stainless steel, Hastelloy or exotic materials. In addition, these switches offer an exceptionally long life and a low lifecycle cost for superior value.


IET SEPTEMBER / OCTOBER 2023


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Water quality analysis - a challenge for spectroscopy technologies


Traditional methods for assessing water quality parameters include chemical, biological, and physical approaches. While chemical methods require bulky and expensive equipment and a large number of reagents, biological methods suffer from lower accuracy and sensitivity.


Physical methods, on the other hand, include spectral remote sensing technology in the UV and visible wavelengths, such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, which is increasingly utilized for rapid water quality assessment.


There are two types of spectral sensors used in water analysis: single-wavelength (SW) sensors and spectrophotometers. SW sensors generally consist of a bandpass-fi ltered single photodetector and a light source that emits in the targeted wavelength and is absorbed by the substance to be detected. Spectrophotometers use a broadband light source, a diffractive grating that separates light into its wavelengths components and directs it towards a linear array photodetector.


Generally, when comparing the performance of full-spectrum and SW sensors, the latter can measure parameter variations during certain periods but may not compensate for the particle effect accurately, specifi cally when comparing the results with the standard laboratory procedures and measurements. Spectrophotometers, however, provide better particle compensation and can be calibrated to specifi c locations with higher accuracy. They are better for precise applications, such as real-time water and treatment process monitoring.


When using a UV-Vis spectral or full-spectrum sensor, it is crucial to choose the most suitable broadband light source. The light source needs a suitable spectrum, brightness, reliability, short to no warm-up time, long lifetime, low power consumption and compactness. Although LEDs are widely used in many applications, they are not as useful in UV-Vis spectrophotometry due to their narrow-spectrum light and limited available wavelengths. Instead, broadband emitters like Deuterium Lamps and Xenon Flash Lamps are preferred.


Deuterium Lamps have a limited emission spectrum and require long warmups but are preferred for lab-based benchtop devices due to lower peak-to-peak variation. Xenon Flash Lamps offer a wider wavelength range, allowing for the detection of a higher number of water parameters to be detected simultaneously.


Using their unique know-how in vacuum device fabrication and electronics integration, Hamamatsu Photonics developed the most advanced Xenon Flash Lamps for UV-Vis-NIR portable spectrophotometry and online water monitoring. These devices are available as stand-alone emitters or modules with an integrated trigger socket and power supply for easy integration.


Hamamatsu’s Xenon Flash lamps feature instantaneous high peak output, a compact design, low heat generation, and a continuous emission spectrum from 160 nm up to mid-infrared wavelengths making it the ideal light source for miniaturized instruments. These lamps have a guaranteed lifetime of 10 billion fl ashes and offer output powers spanning from 2 W up to 60 W.


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Record heat with heavily impacted groundwater, severe weather catastrophes with huge fl oods and destroyed drinking water infrastructure: these are just some of the current phenomena that show that water is becoming increasingly valuable. Regular water controls are mandatory and are becoming increasingly important. Laboratories are accordingly in high demand. Against the backdrop of exploding energy costs, effi cient tools are essential in this respect. Lovibond®


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not only manufactures


test equipment and reagents for laboratories, but also the right thermostatically controlled cabinets and laboratory refrigerators for storing samples and chemicals. The range includes energy- saving thermostatically controlled cabinets for the standard- compliant storage of water samples and reagents, as well as laboratory refrigerators with explosion-proof interiors for directive-compliant work with hazardous substances.


The thermostatic cabinets of the TC series are characterised above all by low energy consumption. This is achieved by using highly effi cient components and reinforced insulation. A control unit ensures continuous temperature control in the range from 2 to 40 °C. This makes it particularly suitable for different applications - but especially for the storage of samples and or for BOD determinations in waste water analysis. An illuminated LED display indicates the current temperature or the set temperature in the cabinet. The temperature control unit complies with the EMC directive according to IEC 61326: Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use. The temperature can be selected in 0.1 °C steps. Internal sockets ensure that equipment such as magnetic stirrers can also be stored in the thermostatic incubators while receiving the necessary power supply. Lovibond® models with glass doors with different capacities.


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Thermostatic cabinets and laboratory refrigerators provides safe and energy-effi cient water analysis in the laboratory


offers 3 models with steel doors and 2


With their explosion-proof interiors, the EX series of laboratory refrigerators guarantees “working safely in laboratories” in accordance with BG-I 850-0. According to this, interiors in which dangerous, explosive atmospheres can develop, for example through deposited fl ammable liquids, must be explosion-proof. The body is made of sturdy sheet steel housing with impact and jolt-resistant powder coating. The EX series also achieves high energy effi ciency. The durable interior is made of high-strength white plastic (PS). The door is lockable. Sealing is ensured by an all-round magnetic gasket. The temperature is continuously adjustable from 1 to 15 °C and is constantly controlled by a room thermostat. Here, too, a digital temperature display shows the interior temperature. The powerful fan ensures even temperature distribution, including a stop function when the door is opened.


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