SAFETY Cows, coal and scrap: where


methane emissions come from One of the most important and ground-breaking agreements to come out of COP26 - the UN’s summit on climate change which drew to a close this month - aims to slash the atmospheric concentration of a greenhouse gas whose profile has been steadily rising over the last few years: methane. With a GWP – or, global warming potential, which measures the heat absorbed by a particular gas as a multiple of that absorbed by carbon dioxide – of 28 over a century and 80 over 20 years, the Global Methane Pledge, as it’s known, is undoubtedly right in its attempts to reduce global methane emissions by 30% by 2030. But its signatories, among them the UK, US, and EU, ought to know exactly where their efforts are best spent.


Fuel Extraction


One of the most obstinate roadblocks to reduction that methane throws up concerns its relationship to carbon dioxide. For instance, whilst methane sticks around in the atmosphere for only a fraction of the time that carbon dioxide is resident, cycling out for methane molecules means, in part, reacting with other atmospheric chemicals and becoming carbon dioxide! So, in effect, each and every methane molecule in the atmosphere is also a carbon dioxide molecule, thereby adding to the concentration levels of the gas most responsible for climate change.


But the relationship between carbon dioxide and methane goes deeper – many miles into the ground. One of the main ways in which methane gets released into the atmosphere, where it contributes significantly to global temperatures before joining the ranks of carbon dioxide, is fossil fuel combustion and extraction. Not only is methane the chief component of natural gas, but it leaks from all fossil fuel extraction operations.


Accounting for around 40% of methane emissions, before the methane gets into the atmosphere 8% of which is coal mining operations because it leaks out of the earth. In recognition of these problems, authorities and states around the world have been drawing up legislation. In this regard, President Biden has been leading the pack, proposing [new federal limits](https://ilmt.co/PL/eM1P) on methane emissions and partnering with the European Union, which also announced new restrictions.


Waste


Here’s another connection to carbon dioxide: in the early stages of the decomposition of biodegradable waste, carbon dioxide is produced, but methane is produced in the later stages. That’s why 16% of global methane emissions comes from landfills. Is there anything that can be done about this? Well, yes. But unfortunately, it might hurt your bottom-line. In the process of decomposition, biodegradable emits first, carbon dioxide and then, methane as a result of its access to oxygen being restricted. This is because, as a result of certain safety concerns and concerns over the cost of operation, the common practice on waste management sites is to reduce aeration. But if aeration – and therefore, the energy bill - is increased, the natural emission of carbon dioxide and methane can be kept to a minimum. And if these measures can shift that 16%, it might be a small price to pay.


For a little more information on this topic, read our guest article on why [Methane Monitoring is a ‘Must’] (https://ilmt.co/PL/wo1y) in waste management.


Cattle Grazing


It’s an astonishing fact, but somewhere between 250 and 500 litres of methane are produced by cows every day.


In many of the major studies into the sources of methane emissions, you’ll find an odd category: enteric fermentation. Allow me to translate: according to the United States’ federal Environmental Protection Agency, around 23% of global methane emissions can be attributed to bovine flatulence.


You see, cows have four gastric chambers. In the first, also known as the rumen, is where this enteric fermentation occurs. Enteric fermentation is a form of anaerobic cellular respiration in which complex carbohydrates are broken down into simple sugars, producing lots of methane, a little carbon dioxide and some volatile fatty acids in the process.


Ultimately, all of this indicates a need for greater monitoring of methane, for a greater understanding of exactly where emissions are coming from. But, as you can see, the sources of methane are diverse and disparate. Maybe, then, it is time to consider Mobile Analytical Technology as a more effective method of methane monitoring.


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41 New EX remote camera for monitoring hazardous areas


Meteor Communications has launched the MCE-MRC-EX camera, which is ATEX approved for use in Zone 1 & 2 hazardous areas. “Hundreds of our cameras are currently in operation all over the UK; helping to monitor and protect remote assets such as grilles, screens, channels, culverts and drains,” explains Meteor MD Matt Dibbs. “However, many of our customers in the water, waste, construction, rail and aviation sectors need to also monitor hazardous areas, so the MCE- MRC-EX camera was developed specifically to meet that requirement.”


Zone 1 & 2 hazardous areas are those in which there is a risk from the accumulation of an explosive gas. Typical locations therefore include confined spaces where there is a source of gases such as methane or petrochemicals, so the main applications for the MCE-MRC-EX camera will be in sewage and wastewater infrastructure, as well as in underground assets such as drains, culverts and pumping stations. Remote cameras can now be deployed in these locations to provide remote visibility of threats such as flooding.


The new camera is housed in an IP66 Ex-rated enclosure and an inbuilt IR or white light illuminator provides excellent low- light performance for clear, crisp images in any conditions. Images are transferred in real time via 4G with 3G/GPRS fallback, providing robust image transfer even from areas with poor mobile coverage. Images are sent to the ‘Meteor Cloud’ for secure viewing and analysis online, and there are options for those users wishing to integrate the images with their own applications.


The main advantage of remote cameras is that users are able to view sites remotely before deciding whether a visit is necessary, and also to determine what resources would be necessary for that visit. This means that less site visits are necessary, and wireless connectivity also means that operations such as camera configuration and firmware updates can be conducted remotely.


Importantly, all Meteor cameras allow direct connection of local sensors such as level switches and PIR sensors. Images can be delivered at scheduled intervals and be configured to trigger automatically from local sensors; providing additional images and alerts to users and entering enhanced polling modes.


Summarising, Matt Dibbs says: “The MCE-MRC-EX remote camera has a very low power requirement, whilst delivering high- quality, real-time images from remote assets within Zone 1 & 2 hazardous areas where data and mains power connections may not be available.”


A complete range of NDIR, refrigerant gas sensors


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Irnet-Pro, with more than 10 years of being widely used in industrial field applications (from cold rooms to landfill gas detection and oil and gas), can reliably detect CO2


from ppm level to 100%vol ranges, or hydrocarbons and R32 based gases (R454, R452) in the lower flamable limit range.


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It features complete calibration over the temperature range -40°C/+60°C and SIL2 certification.


Iref-Pro has been specifically developed for a more accurate detection of low concentrations of HFC and HFO gases. It features a powerful black body light source that enables ppm detection of a very extended list of gases and it is also fully calibrated for the target gas and SIL2 certified.


Iref-Lite offers a lower cost alternative to the ‘Pro’ version, for more commercial applications: it is available for detection of A2L refrigerants (R32, R1234yf, R1234ze) in the flamable range and for gases used in VRF applications (R410a, R134a) up to 1%vol. This sensor is the first one to feature the innovative threshold output, alongside the usual voltage and digital outputs.


The Remore module is the newest addition to the NET range. This very cost effective device has the same features and gas list as the Iref-Lite but it is meant to be integrated directly on chillers and other refrigeration equipment instead of a gas detector. Every aspect of the hardware can be customised based on the customer’s criteria, making it an extremely flexible instrument.


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After years of development, N.E.T. Srl, of Italy, can now offer the most complete NDIR gas sensor range on the market for refrigerant gases detection. All these sensors are microprocessor based, fully calibrated and are targeted at different market sectors and applications, both commercial and industrial.


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ANNUAL BUYERS’ GUIDE 2022


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