20 ASTM®


ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION


CFR Engines proven Expandable Control Platform (XCP® and blending applications through the XCP® operation of the CFR XCP®


D2885 “on-line” Octane Number testing for blending ) Technology is now available to serve ASTM D2885 on-line


Continuous Testing System (CTS). This new system allows automatic, 24/7 system to link one or more engines to the refinery’s on-line octane blending system.


The CTS runs on a standard CFR engine configured for ASTM D2699 or D2700 falling level format with a special system of valves and reservoirs. Fuel is sampled, conditioned, and presented to the engine through a series of valves and sensors. Knock intensity is continuously monitored and recorded as the fuel/air ratio is swept from rich to lean. The system switches between line sample and prototype according to D2885 and customer needs. The data is stored and fed back to the blending operator continuously.


Inherent to all XCP platforms, the on-board industrial PC manages all primary functions of the XCP® CTS. This design


lends itself to easier integration of multiple units (via Modbus) onto the User’s supervisory control and data acquisition system. Each machine maintains its own data storage and independent network connectivity. Data can easily be backed up remotely on the User’s network.


Remote monitoring and controls that come standard on XCP® XCP®


CTS are fully customizable through the


application. Standard output screens, unit/system status and control, real time performance curves, and data table summaries can be displayed on workstations throughout the User’s network.


XCP Technology provides the measurement accuracy of digital instrumentation, the flexibility and ease-of use of computer guided operation, and traceability and ease of reporting from a reliable database.


Like all CFR Engines Inc. products, the XCP® CTS is designed and manufactured to work as an integrated


and reliable solution. CFR systems and components are built to work together seamlessly and deliver unsurpassed operating life, from the robust engine crankcase and cylinder to the industrial grade control panels and accessories. With basic maintenance and upkeep, a user can expect the complete XCP® to withstand the continuous demands of today’s ASTM D2885 fuel testing environment.


CTS


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Real-time reporting of KI curves on the XCP Con- tinuous Testing System’s intuitive interface screens.


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CFR remote engine monitoring application screen.


CFR Ignition Quality Tester (IQT) provides “referee” cetane measurements for EN 15940 renewable diesel fuel


The production of renewable diesel continues to expand as low-carbon fuel policies incentivize the use


of fuels with low life cycle CO2 emissions. Renewable diesel (also known as “green diesel”, HVO, and HDRD) typically has ultra-high cetane values, often exceeding 70 CN. This enables the blending of renewable diesel with conventional diesel to offer both lower carbon and higher cetane.


In Europe, the quality specifications for renewable diesel are defined by the CEN standard for “paraffinic diesel from synthesis gas or hydrotreatment of bio-oils or fats”, EN 15940. This standard (which also


CFR F5 Cetane Engine Research and Development


CFD model of CFR F5 combustion chamber showing fuel spray at start of injection IQT User Interface During High Cetane Renewable Diesel Test


covers GTL) has a minimum cetane specification of 70 for high cetane, Class A fuel. EN 15940 specifies that IQT test method EN 15195 is the method to be used in cases of dispute concerning cetane number (often called the “referee” method). EN 15195 is the only Constant Volume Combustion Chamber (CVCC) method listed in the CEN paraffinic diesel standard.


CEN working groups on ignition quality measurement and precision evaluation recently analyzed IQT Derived Cetane Number (DCN) data from renewable diesel and GTL samples up to 77 DCN to compare the reproducibility achieved in fuel exchange programs with the published precision of EN 15195. It was concluded that the reproducibility with these samples was consistent with the published values. The scope of IQT test method ASTM D6890 is also suitable for renewable diesel, as it has a working range up to 75.1 DCN and the precision functions (r and R) are applicable up to 78.9 DCN (per ASTM D6300).


When considering derived cetane test methods it is important to examine the upper cetane limit in the scope of each method, as this will determine whether or not the method has known precision at the high cetane values typical of renewable diesel. Valid precision data is necessary to comply with standard practices such as conformance with specifications (ASTM D3244) and quality management (ASTM D6792).


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CFR Engines Inc. is continuing with development testing of an F5 cetane engine fitted with a modern high-pressure electronic fuel injection (EFI) system. CFR XCP Technology in combination with a modern fuel injection system allows for precise control over the quantity and timing of each fuel injection event. The result is improved cycle-to-cycle consistency between combustion events and a precise measurement of Cetane Number.


The EFI system also makes it possible to expand the cetane number range in accordance with ASTM®


D613. Currently the published D613 precision covers diesel fuels in the range of 40-56 CN. Ongoing work at CFR aims to improve the capability to rate diesel fuels less than 20 CN to greater than 80 CN. New engine technology is creating the demand for testing low cetane number fuels such as compression ignition gasolines, as well as high cetane number alternative diesel fuels such as HVO and GTL.


In addition to internal R&D efforts, CFR Engines Inc has been collaborating with engine research labs at the University of Wisconsin and Marquette University. The figure below represents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of the CFR F5 combustion chamber that was used to study how the fuel injection and combustion processes develop inside the prechamber. The CFD results were used to guide optimization testing of the EFI system.


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