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ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENTATION
in Grades 1 & 2. For kerosene (specified in ASTM D3699), ASTM D56 is the reference method and both ASTM D3828 and D7094 can be used as alternates. For lubricating oils, the significance of flash point is mainly about determining contamination by more volatile substances, as opposed to determining fire hazards. ASTM D92 is mostly used as the reference method in lubricating oil specifications but closed-cup methods (ASTM D93 and D56) can be used as well. One such example is the U.S. Department of Transportation, which instead considers ASTM D93 to be the reference method for lubricating oils. When choosing between one of the closed-cup methods, the choice will largely depend on the specific physical properties of the test specimen. More information on specifications not mentioned here can be found in Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products, published by ASTM International, and also in Appendix 5 of reference [2]. This discussion is meant to serve as a guide but the specifications themselves should always be the primary source for the most up-to-date information [2,11]. When looking at the various specifications, it is clear that ASTM D93 is one of the most popular methods, especially when considering fuels. We can also see that for certain fuels, ASTM D7094 has been approved as an alternate method to D93. This is because there have been experiments which show very high correlation between D7094 and D93, with results from a test shown in Figure 3 [12]. The continuously closed-cup methods were developed not as a way to test new types of products, but more as a way to test our existing products in a safer and more convenient way. These newer methods allow for fully automatic testing and much smaller sample sizes than the traditional methods. As of now, ASTM D7094 has only been approved for fuel oils and a few other types of fuels, but it has not been approved yet for lubricants. If more studies are done that can show strong correlation between the newer continuously closed-cup methods and other more traditional methods, then D6450 and D7094 could potentially end up getting approved on a wider variety of specifications. If this happens, then there is a potential for an entire new generation of safer and more efficient flash point testing for the petroleum industry.
Hopefully, this article can provide a good reference for people both new to this science and experienced with these tests, and can also clear up some confusion that may arise in discussions. Flash point testing is not going anywhere and it is as important today as it always was before. It may even be more important today considering the current development of new types of fuels and lubricants to conform to stricter environmental and safety regulations. It is clear that flash point testing is a constantly changing and evolving field, with methods spanning from ISO 13736, created in the late 19th century, all the way to ASTM D7074 with its inception in at the turn of the 21st century. Given this long and eventful timeline, it is fairly certain that more methods to determine the flash point of flammable liquids will be developed and approved in the future. For anybody in the petroleum industry, keeping up with the developments in flash point testing will be essential. However, in order to fully understand the new developments, it will be imperative to always refer back to the basic guiding principles upon which flash point
Authors
Dr. Raj Shah is a Director at Koehler Instrument Company in New York, where he has worked for the last 25 plus years. He is an elected Fellow by his peers at IChemE, CMI, STLE, AIC, NLGI, INSTMC, The Energy Institute and The Royal Society of Chemistry An ASTM Eagle award recipient, Dr. Shah recently coedited the bestseller, “Fuels and Lubricants handbook”, details of which are available at Fuels and Lubricants Handbook: Technology, Properties, Performance, and Testing (
astm.org)
A Ph.D in Chemical Engineering from The Penn State University and a Fellow from The Chartered Management Institute, London, Dr. Shah is also a Chartered Scientist with the Science Council, a Chartered Petroleum Engineer with the Energy Institute and a Chartered Engineer with the Engineering council, UK. An adjunct professor at the Dept. of Material Science and Chemical Engineering at State University of New York, Stony Brook, Raj has over 430 publications and has been active in the petroleum field for 3 decades. More information on Raj can be found at
Dr. Raj Shah, Director at Koehler Instrument Company, conferred with multifarious accolades Petro Online (
petro-online.com)
Mr. Nathan Aragon studied chemical engineering at SUNY, Stony Brook University, and currently works at Koehler Instrument Company in Long Island, NY.
Nathan Aragon
Determination: A Laboratory Resource. (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2013),
https://doi.org/10.1520/MNL72-EB
[3] ISO 13736, “Determination of Flash Point—Abel Closed Cup Method,” International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
[4] ASTM D56-16a, “Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[5] ASTM D92-12b, “Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[6] ASTM D93-16a, “Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens Closed Cup Tester,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[7] ASTM D1310-01, “Standard Test Method for Flash Point and Fire Point of Liquids by Tag Open-Cup Apparatus,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Figure 3. A chart of the average values obtained from multiple participants in a round robin test (RR-D02-1581) conducted by ASTM International. The colored bars are the reproducibility values from this round robin test and the black bars are the reproducibility values calculated from ASTM D93 [12].
testing is built.
The authors wish to thanks Mr. Imran Hussami, who is a veteran of ASTM and the D02 committee for over 50 years, an expert on Flash point testing, and currently senior chemist at Holly Frontier refinery laboratories in Kansas for his valuable suggestions and editing of the manuscript.
References
[1] Fitch, J. “How to test flash point.” Machinery Lubrication.
https://www.machinerylubrication.com/Read/19/flash-point-test.
[2] E. White and R. Montemayor, eds., The Practice of Flash Point
[8] ASTM D3828-09, “Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Tester,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[9] ASTM D6450-16a, “Standard Test Method for Flash Point by Continuously Closed Cup (CCCFP) Tester,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
[10] Anton Paar. “Flash- and fire point measurement.” https://
wiki.anton-paar.com/en/flash-and-fire-point-measurement/
[11] S. Rand and A. Verstuyft, eds., Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products: 9th ed. (West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2018),
https://doi.org/10.1520/MNL1-9TH-EB
[12] Wagner, C. and Schwarzmann, A. “ASTM D7094 - Modified Continuously Closed Cup Flash Point Standard Accepted as a Safe Alternative Method in Various Fuel Specs.” Petro Industry News, February/March 2014.
Author Contact Details Dr. Raj Shah, Koehler Instrument Company • Holtsvile, NY 11742 USA • Email:
rshah@koehlerinstrument.com • Web:
www.koehlerinstrument.com
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