Focus on XRF Technology
concentrations calculated by regression in the calibration procedure.
Detection Limits
The detection limits for sulfur in diesel and oil are given in Table 2. Sub-mg/kg detection limits are possible for comparatively short measurement times and show that the analytical method is easily capable of satisfying the more stringent regulations governing sulfur in road fuels from 2009 and beyond.
Figure 2. Repeatability of sulfur measurements in oil according to ASTM D2622-10. Shaded area represents the precision limits set in the method
Summary and Conclusions
The analysis of sulfur in road fuels by XRF is a fast, relatively simple analytical technique. As dem - onstrated, the AxiosmAX
-Petro is capable of
accurate and precise analysis of sulfur in petroleum products, easily fulfi lling the requirements of the internationally certifi ed ISO and ASTM test methods.
Sub-mg/kg detection limits ensure that
-Petro will be able to meet the req - uirements of industry, even as more stringent government regulations come into force.
AxiosmAX
Figure 3. Repeatability measurements of sulfur in NIST diesel SRM 2723a for over 120 days. *data obtained on AxiosmAX
-Petro 4.0 kW
Analytical Instrumentation
21
Curved Ge-111
ISO 20884 and ASTM 2622 require the use of a Ge-111 analyzing crystal for the analysis of the sulfur Kµ line. A laterally curved Ge-111 crystal is an option for AxiosmAX Petro.
-
The benefits of curved crystal technology are significant improvements in sensitivity and resolution compared to traditional flat crystals.
These characteristics enhance the precision and detection capabilities of the instrument.
Figure 4. Calibration plot for sulfur in oil analyzed according to ASTM D2622-10
Table 2. Detection limits for sulfur in petroleum products Detection limit
ISO 20884 LLD (100 s)
0.50 0.19
ASTM 2622
(mg/kg) (Diesel, 3.6 µm Mylar) ( Oil, 6.0 µm Mylar) LLD (application)
0.57 0.26
QuickStart can make routine analysis as simple as placing a sample on the spectrometer.
QuickStart
Samples placed on the Axios’ priority position trigger
QuickStart.
Advanced X-Ray Transmission (XRT) Gauge for Crude Oil, Marine Bunker Fuel and Blending Operations
Rigaku's (USA) NEX XT is the next generation process gauge for high-level sulphur measurement (0.02% to 6% S) of crude, bunker fuel, fuel oils, and other highly viscous hydrocarbons, including residuums. This versatile, compact and robust X-Ray Transmission (XRT) process gauge is specifically optimised for the sulphur analysis needs of refineries, pipelines, blending operations, bunkering terminals and other storage facilities. Applications include bunker fuel blending to meet MARPOL Annex VI sulphur restrictions, interface detection of different grade fuels delivered via pipelines, refinery feedstock blending and monitoring, and the quality monitoring of crude at remote collection and storage facilities. XRT can measure sulphur (S) from 200 ppm to 6 wt% at up to 1480 psig and 200°C and offers a data update every 30 seconds. This user-friendly system has reduced standards requirements, no routine maintenance, sample condition, recovery system or radioisotopes Among its other key features are a simplified user interface, automatic density compensation, automatic water compensation, password protection, and standard platform for communicating sulfur, density, and water content to a plant-wide DCS. Click the button to request more information on this new process gauge .
Reader Reply Card No Super X-ray Detector
The Super SDD is the newest X-ray detector technological advancement at Amptek (USA). The Super SDD is a 25 mm2 x 500 µm super silicon drift detector (SDD), with unsurpassed performance of 127 eV FWHM resolution; 11.2 µs peaking time; and a peak to background ratio of 8,000. The super silicon drift detector (SDD) enables extremely high count rate applications with excellent
energy resolution. The detector is housed inside the same TO-8 package as Amptek’s other detectors, so its form-factor is a direct replacement for current systems and is compatible with all Amptek accessories and options. The Super SDD’s low price, high performance and small size make it the ideal detector for OEM hand-held applications to bench-top analysers. The X-ray detector, reamplifier, and cooler system is thermoelectrically cooled. Also mounted on the 2-stage cooler are the input FET and a novel feedback circuit. These components are kept at approximately -55 °C, and are monitored by an internal temperature sensor. The hermetic TO-8 package of the detector has a light tight, vacuum tight thin Beryllium window to enable soft X-ray detection. Amptek Inc. is a world leader in supplying low cost thermoelectrically cooled X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Detectors and Electronics for the OEM. The Super SDD, Si-PIN, and CdTe detectors, Preamplifiers and Digital Pulse Processors (DPP), are ideal for OEMs developing table-top or hand-held XRF analysers. Applications include RoHS/WEEE, Process Control and Alloy/Lead analysis. For their high reliability and performance, AMPTEK detectors were selected to perform XRF on the surface of Mars.
Reader Reply Card No 63 62
New Breed of Handheld XRF Analysers
Innov-X Systems (USA) introduces their new family of handheld XRF analysers - the Delta Line. The result of Innov-X’s extensive field portable instru - mentation experience and innovation leadership, the Delta Line satisfies an urgent demand in the analytical industry. That is, a handheld XRF fully ruggedised to industrial standards - including no PDA or movable display - to withstand harsh environments while at the same time providing peerless analytical performance.
Innov-X founder and CEO Don Sackett remarked, “I am really proud of the accom - plishments of our development teams. They’ve redesigned our analyzers from the ground up to create a true inspection tool that is both analytically superior and rugged enough for virtually any environment - no compromises. The Delta analysers feature the latest technology to optimize analysis throughput and uptime.”
Exclusive to Innov-X’s Delta line of analysers is their
auto-calibrating, auto-charging docking station. With the unique, first of its kind Delta docking station, operators never have to power their analyser off -the station charges the analyser battery and a spare, and periodically performs a calibration check. Users can then remove the analyser anytime for immediate testing.
Reader Reply Card No 64
June/July 2010
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