64
a manufacturer of disinfectants and detergents for use in healthcare. Their roles did not lead to any bias in formulating, executing, analyzing, or reporting the research. All other authors declare no competing interests relevant to this article.
References
1. Al-Tawfiq JA, Tambyah PA. Healthcare-associated infections (HAI) perspectives. J Infect Public Health 2014;7:339–344.
2. Khan HA, Baig FK, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance. Asia Pac J Trop Biomed 2017;7:478–482.
3. WHO. Health Care-Associated Infections Fact Sheet. World Health Organization; 2014.
4. WHO. Guidelines on Core Components of Infection Prevention and Control Programs at the National and Acute Health Care Facility Level. World Health Organization; 2016.
5. Dancer SJ. The role of environmental cleaning in the control of hospital- acquired infection. J. Hosp. Infect. 2009;73:378–385.
6. Claro T, Galvin S, Cahill O, Fitzgerald-Hughes D, Daniels S,Humphreys H. What is the best method? Recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Escherichia coli from inanimate hospital surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014; 35:869–871.
7. Otter JA, Yezli S, Salkeld JA, French GL. Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:S6–S11.
8. Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2006;6:130.
9. Hu H, Johani K, Gosbell IB, et al. Intensive care unit environmental surfaces are contaminated by multidrug-resistant bacteria in biofilms: combined results of conventional culture, pyrosequencing, scanning electron micro- scopy, and confocal laser microscopy. JHospInfect 2015;91:35–44.
10. Nseir S, Blazejewski C, Lubret R, Wallet F, Courcol R, Durocher A Risk of acquiring multidrug‐resistant gram‐negative bacilli from prior room occu- pants in the intensive care unit. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011;17:1201–1208.
11. Shaughnessy MK, Micielli RL, DePestel DD, et al. Evaluation of hospital room assignment and acquisition of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:201–206.
12. Boyce JM. Environmental contamination makes an important contribu- tion to hospital infection. J Hosp Infect 2007;65 Suppl 2:50–54.
13. Bhalla A, Pultz NJ, Gries DM, et al. Acquisition of nosocomial pathogens on hands after contact with environmental surfaces near hospitalized patients. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2004;25:164–167.
14. Hygiene H. Hand hygiene Australia.
http://www.hha.org.au/home.aspx. Published 2017. Accessed August 15, 2017.
15. Kwok YLA, Juergens CP, McLaws M-L Automated hand hygiene auditing with and without an intervention. Am J Infect Control 2016;44:1475–1480.
16. Chowdhary D, Tahir S, Legge M, et al. Transfer of dry surface biofilm in healthcare environment: the role of healthcare worker’s hands as vehicles. J Hosp Infect 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.021.
17. WHO. Practical Guidelines for Prevention of Hospital-Acquired Infections. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
18. NHMRC. Australian Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare. Commonwealth of Australia; 2010.
19. Girou E, SHT Chai, Oppein F, et al. Misuse of gloves: the foundation for poor compliance with hand hygiene and potential for microbial transmission? J Hosp Infect. 2004;57:162–169.
20. Wilson J, Loveday H. Does glove use increase the risk of infection? Nurs Times 2014;110:12–15
21. Girou E, Chai SH, Oppein F, et al. Misuse of gloves: the foundation for poor compliance with hand hygiene and potential for microbial transmission? J Hosp Infect 2004;57:162–169.
Shamaila Tahir et al
22. Moore G, Dunnill CW, Wilson AP. The effect of glove material upon the transfer of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to and from a gloved hand. Am J Infect Control 2013;41:19–23.
23. Almatroudi A, Hu H, Deva A, et al. A new dry-surface biofilm model: An essential tool for efficacy testing of hospital surface decontamination procedures. J Microbiol Methods 2015;117:171–176.
24. Johani K, Abualsaud D, Costa DM, et al. Characterization of microbial community composition, antimicrobial resistance and biofilm on intensive care surfaces. J Infect Pub Health 2018;11:418–424.
25. Galvin S, Dolan A, Cahill O, Daniels S, Humphreys H Microbial monitoring of the hospital environment: Why and how? J Hosp Infect 2012;82:143–151.
26. Pérez-Rodríguez F, Valero A, Carrasco E, García RM, Zurera G Understanding and modelling bacterial transfer to foods: a review. Trend Food Sci Tech 2008;19:131–144.
27. Maki DG, Alvarado CJ, Hassemer CA, Zilz MA Relation of the inanimate hospital environment to endemic nosocomial infection. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1562–1566.
28. Mallison GF, Haley RW Microbiologic sampling of the inanimate environment in US hospitals, 1976–1977. Am J Med 1981;70:941–946.
29. Sehulster L, Chinn RYW. Guidelines for environmental infection control in healthcare facilities: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Morbid Mortal Wkly Rept 2003;52:1–43.
30. Russotto V, Cortegiani A, Raineri SM, Giarratano A Bacterial contamina- tion of inanimate surfaces and equipment in the intensive care unit. J Intens Care 2015;3:54.
31. Otter JA, Vickery K, Walker JT, et al. Surface-attached cells, biofilms and biocide susceptibility: implications for hospital cleaning and disinfection. J Hosp Infect 2015;89:16–27.
32. Almatroudi A, Gosbell IB, Hu H, et al. Staphylococcus aureus dry-surface biofilms are not killed by sodium hypochlorite: implications for infection control. J Hosp Infect 2016;93:263–270.
33. Randle J, Arthur A, Vaughan N Twenty-four-hour observational study of hospital hand hygiene compliance. J Hosp Infect 2010;76:252–255.
34. Smiddy MP, O’Connell R, Creedon SA. Systematic qualitative literature review of health care workers’ compliance with hand hygiene guidelines. Am J Infect Control 2015;43:269–274.
35. Luangasanatip N, Hongsuwan M, Limmathurotsakul D, et al. Compara- tive efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network metaanalysis. BMJ 2015;351:h3728.
36. Huslage K, Rutala WA, Gergen MF, Sickbert-Bennett EE, Weber DJ. Microbial assessment of high-, medium-, and low-touch hospital room surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2013;34:211–212.
37. Almatroudi A Patients’ Safety and Hospital Acquired Infections: The Size of the Problem of Biofilms on the Health Care Surfaces. Sydney, Australia: Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University; 2016.
38. Hayden MK, Blom DW, Lyle EA, Moore CG, Weinstein RA. Risk of hand or glove contamination after contact with patients colonized with vancomycin-resistant enterococcus or the colonized patients’ environ- ment. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:149–154.
39. Foster WD, MSR Hutt. Experimental staphylococcal infections in man. Lancet 1960;276:1373–1376.
40. PBJ Vermeltfoort, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, JMM Hooymans, Bruinsma GM. Physicochemical factors influencing bacterial transfer from contact lenses to surfaces with different roughness and wettability. J Biomed Mater Res B: Appl Biomat 2004;71B:336–342.
41. Knobben BAS, van der Mei HC, van Horn JR, Busscher HJ Transfer of bacteria between biomaterials surfaces in the operating room—an experimental study. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007;80A:790–799.
42. Rogusz A, Stewart M, Hunter J, et al. How quickly do hospital surfaces become contaminated after detergent cleaning? Healthcare Infect 2013;18:3–9.
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136
