556
Journal of Paleontology 91(3):554–565
Figure 1. Pristigenys substriata (Blainville, 1818) from the Eocene ofMonte Bolca, Italy: holotype,MNHN
F.Bol529, right lateral view. Scale bar represents 10mm.
1874 Pristigenys macrophthalmus de Zigno, p. 61. 1901 Pristigenys macrophthalmus Woodward, p. 415.
1905 Pristigenys substriatus Eastman, p. 21, pl. 3, fig. 3. 1936 Pristigenys substriatus White, p. 49, text-figs. 2, 3. 1958 Pristigenys substriata Myers, p. 41. 1980 Pristigenys substriata Blot, p. 368. 1981 Pristigenys substriata p. 490, text-fig. 1.
Occurrence.—Monte Bolca locality, Pesciara site, NE Italy, late early Eocene, late Ypresian, late Cuisian, ca. 50 Ma (see Papazzoni et al., 2014).
Fritzsche and Johnson,
1984 Pristigenys substriata Fitch and Crooke, p. 311, text- fig. 11.
1988 Pristigenys substriata Taverne, p. 171, text-figs. 1, 2. 2000 Lates gracilis Edwards and Rosen, backcover.
2010 Pristigenys substriata Taverne and Nolf, p. 187, text- figs. 1, 37.
Holotype.—MNHN
F.Bol529, partially complete, relatively well-preserved articulated skeleton, 54mm SL (Fig. 1).
Referred material.—NHM P.9941, nearly complete, well- preserved articulated skeleton, in part and counterpart (NHM P.14540), 50.4mm SL (Fig. 2.1, 2.2); NHM P.15370, nearly complete, well-preserved articulated skeleton, in part and counterpart (NHM P.15371), 73.3mm SL (Fig. 2.3, 2.4), fig- ured in Edwards and Rosen (2000) and erroneously assigned to Lates gracilis; NHM P.16127, nearly complete, well-preserved articulated skeleton, in part and counterpart (NHM P.16370), 83.4mmSL (Fig. 2.5, 2.6);NHMP.19057, nearly complete and relatively well-preserved articulated skeleton, 60.5mm SL.
Diagnosis.—As for the genus.
Description General morphology.—Measurements for
Pristigenys
substriata are summarized in Table 1. The body is ovoid and deep, its maximum depth contained between 1.69 and 1.85 times SL. The head is moderately large, its length less than a third of SL. The head is characterized by a nearly straight dorsal profile. The snout is relatively blunt, its length contained between 3.1 and 3.8 times in head length. The orbit is rounded and relatively large, its diameter between a fifth and sixth SL. The eyeball is very large and preserved as a thick and con-
spicuous carbon film. The considerable thickness of this carbon film is likely due to the original remarkable size of the tapetum lucidum in the choroid; the possession of a very large ocular tapetum lucidum consisting of several rows of reflecting cells that underlie the entire retina (e.g., Nicol et al., 1973; Wang et al., 1980) is currently regarded as a priacanthid synapomor- phy (Starnes, 1988). The mouth is terminal with an oblique and moderately large gape. The mandible length is contained between 1.5 and 1.7 times in head length. The caudal peduncle is short (caudal peduncle length contained up to more than ten times in SL) and very deep (caudal peduncle depth contained about five times in SL). The dorsal-fin origin is located above the occipital region of the neurocranium. The predorsal length is
contained between 2.2 and 2.6 times in SL. The sail-like dorsal fin is continuous with spines that rapidly increase in size pos- teriorly up to the fifth element; the length of the spines gradually decreases posteriorly in the series. The length of the first spine is
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