516
Journal of Paleontology 91(3):512–547
Table 3. Complete taxonomic list of the chondrichthyes of Lago Bayano, including a summary of all relevant data for the subsequent analyses. References for common depth ranges and biogeographic affinity (i.e., Atlantic vs. Pacific) can be found in the Systematic Paleontology section, ecomorphotypes are based on Compagno (1990), and descriptions of dentition types can be found in Kent (1994). * indicates a new taxon for the fossil record of Panama. † indicates an extinct species.
Taxon
*Isurus oxyrinchus 70–500 100–500
†Carcharocles megalodon Alopias superciliousus
Centrophorus sp.
†Physogaleus contortus *†Physogaleus sp.
†Hemipristis serra †Galeocerdo aduncus Galeocerdo cuvier
Carcharhinus falciformis *Carcharhinus brevipinna *Carcharinus aff. C. macloti Carcharhinus obscurus
*Alopias cf. A. vulpinus 51–366 *cf. Iago sp. Mustelus sp.
60 3
1
36 16 61 2
147 10
15 19 14 4
Carcharhinus plumbeus 820–55 Carcharhinus spp.
Negaprion brevirostris 30–92 Rhizoprionodon spp. Sphyrna lewini
184 405 66
Sphyrna mokarran 41–80 96 1 2
13
Sphyrna zygaena Rhynchobatus sp. Urobatis sp. *Dasyatis sp. Aetobatus sp. Rhinoptera sp.
Mobula thurstoni
*Mobula cf. M. tarapacana Mobula spp.
140
38 16 10
19 6
0–100 0–30
1422
Table 4. Results of the weighted paleobathymetric analysis. Min and max values represent 95% confidence intervals. Previous estimates are based on Pimiento et al. (2013a) for the Gatun and Carrillo-Briceño et al. (2015a) for the Piña Sandstone facies of the Chagres Formation.
Average depth (m)
Formation
Chucunaque Gatun
Maximum depth (m)
Chagres (Piña Sandstone) 293 458 372 509 804 654 200–300 50 61 55 98 118 108 <100
were unable to be assigned to the species level and those that are extinctwere not included in this analysis in order to reduce potential bias. The data were then resampled 10,000 times and plotted as a histogram that provides a 95% confidence interval and a mean depth. This method was applied to the chondrichthyan fauna from the Chucunaque Formation, the Gatun Formation, and the Piña Sandstone facies of the Chagres Formation. The average and maximum depth estimates are reported in Figure 14 and Table 4. The average depth is the average of the usual depth range and the maximum depth is the upper limit of the usual depth range of each taxon. All data utilized for these analyses are available in Table 3.
Institutional abbreviations and repositories.—The specimens described here are conserved in the Vertebrate Paleontology Collection of the Florida Museumof Natural History (FLMNH), University of Florida (UF). Specimen information can be found
in the FLMNH Vertebrate Paleontology Database (http://www.
flmnh.ufl.edu/vertpaleo-search/) or in the Smithsonian Tropical
Min Max Mean Min Max Mean Estimates (m) 105 119 112 208 236 222
Previous
Research Institute (STRI) Geological Sample Database (http://
biogeodb.stri.si.edu/jaramillo/fossildb).
Systematic paleontology Class Chondrichthyes Huxley, 1880
Subclass Elasmobranchii Bonaparte, 1838 Order Squaliformes Goodrich, 1909 Family Centrophoridae Bleeker, 1859
Genus Centrophorus Müller and Henle, 1837
Type.—Centrophorus granulosus Müller and Henle, 1837 (Cappetta, 2012).
Centrophorus sp. Figure 3.1, 3.2
Occurrence.—STRI 290109.
Description.—Small, asymmetric tooth with a broad crown and an apron indicative of the order Squaliformes. However, it is worth noting that the apron is not characteristic of all families within the order Squaliformes, as it is absent in the upper teeth of Dalatiidae, Oxynotidae, and Etmopteridae. The mesial edge is convex basally and straight apically, has coarse serrations near the base that become smaller apically and disappear prior to the apex; the distal edge is slightly convex with a complete cutting edge. There is a prominent notch on the distal edge; however, the distal heel is not entirely preserved. The labial face is
50 15
0–140
200–500 0–100 0–170 0–400
0–275 0–200
# of Specimens Common Depth (m) Avg. Depth (m) Ecomorphotype 200–600
400 250
300 184
Microceanic Littoral: Archipelagic 70
350 50 85
46
138 40
100
200 38
Littoral: Cancritrophic Littoral: Cancritrophic Littoral: Eurytrophic Littoral: Eurytrophic Littoral: Eurytrophic Littoral: Eurytrophic Littoral: Teuthitrophic Macroceanic Littoral Littoral
Littoral: Eurytrophic Littoral Littoral Littoral
Littoral: Teuthitrophic Semilittoral: Sphyrnid Littoral: Sphyrnid Littoral: Sphyrnid Rhyncobenthic Rajobenthic Rajobenthic Aquilopelagic Aquilopelagic Aquilopelagic Aquilopelagic Aquilopelagic
Macroceanic: Tachypelagic Grasping-Cutting Both Macroceanic Macroceanic
Cutting Cutting
Cutting
Clutching Crushing
Cutting-Grasping Cutting-Grasping
Cutting-Grasping Cutting Cutting
Both
Cutting-Grasping Both Cutting-Grasping Both Cutting-Grasping Pacific Cutting-Grasping Both Cutting-Grasping Both Cutting-Grasping
Cutting-Grasping Both Clutching
Cutting-Grasping Both Crushing Crushing Crushing Crushing Crushing Vestigial Vestigial Vestigial
Both
Both Both
Cutting-Grasping Both Cutting
Dentition Type Atlantic/Pacific Cutting
Both Both
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