Ice Contamination
Conclusion Te current low sample yield means a lot of precious time
and samples are wasted. It also means it takes longer for users to generate sufficient high-quality data to arrive at an answer to their biological question. Since cryo-ET has the potential to accelerate our understanding of diseases and the development of drug treatments, resolving the ice contamination issues can create a very positive impact on biomedical advances. Further- more, not only does the current low cryo-ET sample yield lead to significant amounts of waste, the public funds used for biomedi- cal research are spent ineffectively. Te impact on healthcare, the environment, and society points toward the need for a drastic reduction in ice contamination during the cryo-ET workflow. Te recent technological improvements [10,11] and new
commercially available solutions, for example, Delmic CERES Clean Station, Vitri-Lock and Ice Shield, Delmic METEOR, and TFS iFLM (summarized in Table 1) address some of the ice con- tamination issues in the cryo-ET workflow. Tere are, of course, still areas in the workflow where improvement is needed, for example, effective sample vitrification. When the major bottle- necks in the cryo-ET workflow are overcome, the true potential of cryo-ET for biomedical research and drug development will undoubtedly be revealed.
Acknowledgements Te Ice Contamination Survey work was supported by Eurostars grant number E13008 - CETFlow.
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