Blood Clots in Dinosaur Bones
crystals which uniformly do not autofluoresce. On the other hand, UVFL of mixed sediment and clay grains could present as a non-uniform and markedly different set of fluorescent responses within each “clot.” Many soil minerals and clay particles are known to autoflu-
oresce and can cause a strong background soil autofluorescence signal. Tis can interfere with other fluorescent biomaterials [59,60]. All clots in this study had a similar, uniform appear- ance except for the rib sections, where in some instances there was less cohesion across the clot. Te rib clots also appeared less brightly reflective. However, if these “clots” represent sediment grains which were deeply infiltrated into the microvasculature they would react differently to high-emission UV wavelengths and would not look as uniform as seen here. We conclude these are the remains of blood products that clotted, possibly during drowning or another traumatic event. Te literature on dST lacks discussion of blood clots, rigor
mortis and livor mortis, and any possible effects on the specific set of requirements needed for profitable Fenton reactions to occur. We conclude here that free iron was unavailable, at least in these Triceratops bones, because clotted vessels would have blocked water from flowing over lysed RBCs. Other questions that remain to be answered include:
• Are the intermittent vessel structural protein crosslinks suggested by Bailleul et al. [3] sufficient to stabilize vessels over deep time, even if the tissues are somewhat sequestered by mineral encrustation?
• What of the stability of the amino acids in the proteins that are not crosslinked by Fenton hydroxyl actions? What keeps them from dissociating over time?
• Why have there been no studies of the other amino acids from these structural proteins, which would serve as mark- ers for hydroxyl exposure (for example, see DeMassa and Boudreaux, [61])?
• How do observations of clotted microvasculature explain the presence of osteocytes with long filipodia, nerve bun- dles, vein valves, or condensed chromosomes [3]?
References [1] MH Armitage and KL Anderson, Acta Histochemica 115 (2013) 603–08.
[2] MH Armitage, Microscopy Today 24 (2016) 18–22. [3] AM Bailleul et al., Nat Sci Rev 7 (2020) 815–22. [4] MH Schweitzer and JR Horner, Ann Paleontol 85 (1999) 179–92.
[5] MH Schweitzer et al., Science 307 (2005) 1952–55. [6] MH Schweitzer et al., Proc Roy Soc B 274 (2007) 183–97. [7] MH Schweitzer et al., Science 324 (2009) 626–31. [8] MH Schweitzer et al., Bone 52 (2013) 414–23. [9] AJ Van der Reest and PJ Currie, Cretaceous Res 109 (2020) 1–11.
[10] EM Boatman et al., Sci Rep 9 (2019) 15678–89. [11] MH Schweitzer et al., Proc Roy Soc B 281 (2013) 20132741. Suppl. info:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.2741.
[12] WR Porter and LM Witmer, Anat Rec 303 (2019) 1075–1103. [13] IM Braverman and A Keh-Yen, J Invest Derm 77 (1981) 297–304.
[14] IM Braverman and A Keh-Yen, J Invest Derm 81 (1983) 438–42.
38
[15] A Caggiati et al., Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 32 (2006) 447–52. [16] S Takase et al., J Vasc Surg 39 (2004) 1329–34. [17] A Rayamane et al., J Forensic Med Toxicol 31 (2014) 12–17. [18] J Cha et al., Biomed Opt Exp 9 (2018) 1097–1110. [19] KWTK Chin et al., Biomed Opt Exp 8 (2017) 4122–34. [20] C Stolinski, J Anat 186 (Pt 1) (1995) 123–30. [21] MH Schweitzer et al., Comptes Rendus Palevol 7 (2008) 159–84.
[22] MH Schweitzer, Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 39 (2011) 187–216. [23] PR Buenzli and NA Sims, Bone 75 (2015) 144–50. [24] MH Schweitzer, Scientific American 303 (2010) 62–69. [25] A Mogilner and B Rubenstein Biophys J 89 (2005) 782–95. [26] MH Armitage, American Laboratory 40 (March 2012) cover.
[27] J Balla et al., Antiox Redox Sig 9 (2007) 2119–38. [28] J Balla et al., Mol Nutrition Food Res 49 (2005) 1030–43. [29] A Satyam et al., Acute Med Surg 6 (2019) 329–35. [30] AS Wolberg, Blood Rev 21 (2007) 131–42. [31] AS Wolberg and RA Campbell, Transfusion Apheresis Sci 38 (2008) 15–23.
[32] CL Hawkins and MJ Davies, Biochim Biophys Acta 1504 (2001) 196–219.
[33] CCA Loures et al., Int Rev Chem Eng 5(2013) 102–20. [34] JM McCord, Semin Hematol 35 (1998) 5–12. [35] S Park and JA Imlay, J Bact 185 (2003) 1942–50. [36] J Prousek, Pure Appl Chem 79 (2007) 2325–38. [37] DJ Schaer et al., Blood 121 (2013) 1276–84. [38] M Levi and H ten Cate, New Engl J Med 341 (1999) 586–92. [39] M Schwameis et al., Crit Care Med 43 (2015) 2394–2402. [40] M Levi, Brit J Haemat 124 (2004) 567–76. [41] M Levi, Crit Care Med 35 (2007) 2191–95. [42] MF Muldoon et al., Arch Int Med 155 (1995) 615–20. [43] L Zgraggen et al., Tromb Res 115 (2005) 175–83. [44] PD White et al., Palaios 13 (1998) 41–51. [45] DE Fastovsky and A Bercovici, Cretaceous Res 57 (2016) 368–90.
[46] M Koupenova et al., Europ Heart J 38 (2017) 785–91. [47] A Laurent and P Baumgart, Bulletin de la Soc Mycol de France 133 (2017) 143–57.
[48] M Monici, Biotech Ann Rev 11 (2005) 227–56. [49] N Hoke et al., Paleogeo Paleoclimatol Paleoecol 310 (2011) 23–31.
[50] N Hoke et al., Foren Sci Int 228 (2013) 176.e1–176.e1766. [51] TC Lee et al., J Anat 193 (Pt 2) (1998) 179–84. [52] AID Prentice, J Clin Path 20 (1967) 717–19. [53] F Ramsthaler et al., Forensic Sci Int 209 (2011) 59–63. [54] MH Zheng et al., Histochem J 29 (1997) 639–43. [55] DWE Hone et al., PLoS ONE 5 (2010) 1–7. [56] A Nolte et al., Handbook of Biological Confocal Micros- copy, 3rd
ed., ed. JB Pawley, Springer Science and Business Media, New York, 2006, chapter 6, pp. 126–44.
[57] JM Starck and A Chinsamy, J Morph 254 (2002) 232–46. [58] N Idris et al., J Phys: Conf Ser 846 (2015) 012020. [59] L George et al., US Patent 6,592,882 (2003). [60] Y Li et al., Biol Fertil Soils 39 (2004) 301–11. [61] JM DeMassa and E Boudreaux, Creation Res Soc Qtr 51 (2015) 268–85.
www.microscopy-today.com • 2020 September
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80
