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MicroscopyInnovations


makes collection of the NIR-spectrum possible; whereas, the PMTs used in conventional confocal microscopy are not sen- sitive to NIR photons. Imaging with the RCM-NIR module improves resolution by a factor of √2 (approximately 40%) com- pared to Abbe’s resolution limit. As an example, upon excitation at 785 nm, the optical resolution achieved by traditional imag- ing is 360 nm, whereas with the RCM-NIR the resolution is improved to 260 nm, nearly identical to the resolution achieved with green wavelengths on a regular confocal microscope. NIR wavelengths penetrate deeper into tissue and materi-


als, enabling examination of thicker specimens. Exposure to NIR wavelengths is far less damaging to cells compared to light in the visible spectrum, a benefit for live cell imaging. Also, because of the low absorbance and scattering in biological tissue, imaging with NIR wavelengths results in an image with high contrast and sensitivity. Since NIR wavelengths are employed in image-guided surgeries, the RCM-NIR module makes on-site/ on-line pathology in the operating room possible.


Stream System DENSsolutions B.V.


Developers: Hugo Pérez, Hongyu Sun, Mathilde Lemang, Anne Beker, and Tijn van Omme


Te “Stream” System uses an


innovative micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device to accurately control the liquid environment inside the TEM. Tis device, referred to as the Nano-Cell, consists of a dual-cell chip technology to form a miniature


reaction chamber at the tip of a side-entry TEM specimen holder. Te bottom chip contains an inlet and outlet surrounded by thin spacers that define the height of the liquid chamber. Te top chip sits on the upper surface of the spacers and confines the liquid inside a well-defined microfluidic channel that brings the liquid specimen under the electron beam. Te chips are sealed with an O-ring, which enables the liquid to stay within the cell. Since both the inlet and outlet within the Nano-Cell can be individu- ally pressurized (for example, positive pressure on the inlet and negative pressure on the outlet), the user can accurately control the pressure-driven flow of the liquid without bypassing the region of interest. Tis configuration also controls the bulging of the membranes, which therefore enables the user to significantly control the liquid thickness. Nano-Cells have been designed to provide biasing with three electrodes (working, reference, and counter electrodes) useful


for electrochemistry experiments.


Te Nano-Cell also has microheaters for control of the tempera- ture up to 100°C. Elemental analysis can be by energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectrometry (XEDS). Te Stream System overcomes several difficulties typical


of liquid-phase TEM experiments. It provides controlled flow through the region of interest, and it reduces beam broadening


2020 September • www.microscopy-today.com


effects by reducing the liquid layer thickness, reducing the back- ground intensity for electron diffraction of liquids. With control over pressure and flow, unwanted beam-induced species can be flushed away, and bubbles can be flushed or fully dissolved. Te Stream System can be applied to materials synthesis


for the study of nucleation and growth, as well as chemical and electrochemical reactions. In research on energy devices, liquid phase microscopy is important for development of advanced electrodes and electrocatalysts in devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel-cells. In life sciences it is now possible to image whole biological cells in liquid, resolve fine structure in biomaterials and proteins in their native liquid state, and study biological dynamics in real time.


Stroboscopic Ultra-Fast Electron Microscopy Euclid Techlabs, NIST, and Brookhaven National Lab


Developers: Chunguang Jing, Alexei Kanareykin, Eric Montgomery, Yubin Zhao, Wade Rush, Ao Liu, Ilya Ponomarev, Yimei Zhu, and June Lau


A relatively inexpensive pulsing


device converts an existing transmission electron microscope (TEM) into an ultra- fast time-resolved TEM (UTEM). Te electron beam produced in a conventional TEM is continuous (dc), so imaging and diffraction are accomplished in a static time-integrated manner. Now it is pos- sible to unite the time domain with the


spatial domain to create four-dimensional electron microscopy. Euclid’s innovation is to use RF technology to manipulate the TEM electron beam, using methods developed for electron beam accelerators, to produce a fundamentally different stroboscopic instrument. Te pulser device can be built on any TEM because the electron emission process is unchanged. Tis pulsing device consists of a series of magnetic quadrupoles and stripline resona- tors designed to achieve broad tunability not possible with deflect- ing cavities. Tis apparatus modulates and chops the incoming dc electron beam and converts it into pico- and sub-picosecond (100 fs to 10 ps) electron pulses with a large range of repetition rates from 1 Hz to 12 GHz. Tis modification requires no change in the complex electron optics that make up the core of a TEM. Compared to a time-resolved TEM relying on a sophisti-


cated and expensive pump-probe femtosecond laser system, no laser is required. In addition, the RF pulser technology allows extended ranges of repetition rates and duty cycle tunability, which are not achievable in a laser-based UTEM. Compared to existing commercial systems, a lower price and retrofit com- patibility make UTEM affordable for a broader scientific com- munity. Te Euclid RF pulser can be retrofitted to old TEMs or pre-installed in new TEMs. Te keen interest from a world- leading manufacturer of TEMs confirms the significance of the technology. Currently these pulsers are operational at the


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