42
Welch, H.E., Bergmann, M.A., Siferd, T.D., Martin, K.A., Curtis,
54
Hop, H., Poltermann, M., Lønne, O.J., Falk-Petersen, S., Korsnes,
M.F., Crawford, R.E., Conover, R.J. and Hop, H. (1992). Energy flow R. and Budgell, W.P. (2000). Ice-amphipod distribution relative to ice
through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic density and under-ice topography in the northern Barents Sea. Polar
Canada. Arctic, 45, 343-357 Biol., 23, 357-367
43
Bradstreet, M.S.W. and Cross, W.E. (1982). Trophic relationships at
55
Scott. C.L., Kwasniewski, S., Falk-Petersen, S. and Sargent, J.R.
high Arctic ice edges. Arctic, 35, 1-12 (2002). Lipids and fatty acids in the copepod Jaschnovia brevis (Jas-
chnov) and in particulates from Arctic waters. Polar Biol., 25, 65-71
44
Hop, H., Falk-Petersen, S., Svendsen, H., Kwasniewski, S., Pavlov,
V., Pavlova, O. and Søreide, J.E. (2006). Physical and biological charac-
56
Pike, D. and Welch, H.E. (1990). Spatial and temporal distribution
teristics of the pelagic system across Fram Strait to Kongsfjorden. Prog. of sub-ice macrofauna in the Barrow Strait area, Northwest Territories.
Oceanogr., 71, 182-231 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 47, 81-91
45
Werner, I., Auel, H., Garrity, C. and Hagen, W. (1999). Pelagic oc-
57
Lønne, O.J. and Gulliksen, B. (1989). Size, age and diet of polar cod,
currence of the sympagic amphipod Gammarus wilkitzkii in ice-free Boreogadus saida (Lepechin 1773), in ice covered waters. Polar Biol., 9,
waters of the Greenland Sea – dead end or part of life-cycle? Polar Biol., 187-191
22, 56-60
58
Gradinger, R.R. and Bluhm, B.A. (2004). In-situ observations on the
46
Hegseth, E.N. (1992). Sub-ice algal assemblages of the Barents Sea: distribution and behavior of amphipods and Arctic cod (Boreogadus
Species composition, chemical composition, and growth rates. Polar saida) under the sea ice of the High Arctic Canada Basin. Polar Biol.,
Biol., 12, 485-496 27, 595-603
47
Gradinger, R., Friedrich, C. and Spindler, M. (1999). Abundance, bio-
59
Arndt, C.E. and Swadling, K.M. (2006). Crustacea in Arctic and Ant-
mass and composition of the sea ice biota of the Greenland Sea pack arctic sea ice: Distribution, diet and life history strategies. Advances in
ice. Deep-Sea Res., 46, 1457-1472 Marine Biology, 51, 197-315
48
Horner, R.A., Syvertsen, E.E., Thomas, D.P. and Lange, C. (1988).
60
Daly, K.L. and Macauly, M.C. (1991). Influence of physical and bio-
Proposed terminology and reporting units for sea ice algal assemblag- logical mesoscale dynamics of the seasonal distribution and behaviour
es. Polar Biol., 8, 249-253 of Euphausia superba in the Antarctic marginal ice zone. Marine Ecol-
ogy Progress Series, 79, 37-66
49
Mundy, C.J., Barber, D.G., Michel, C. and Marsden, R.F. (2007). Link-
ing ice structure and microscale variability of algal biomass in Arctic
61
Stirling, I. (1977). Adaptations of Weddell seal and ringed seals to
first-year sea ice using an in situ photographic technique. In print exploit the polar fast ice habitat in the absence or presence of surface
predators. In Adaptations within Antarctic ecosystems (ed. G.A. Llano).
50
Meguro, H. (1962). Plankton ice in the Antarctic Ocean. Antarctic Gulf Publishing Company, Houston
Records, 14, 1192-1199.
62
Boyd, I.L. (2002). Antarctic marine mammals. In Encyclopedia of
51
Legendre, L., Ackley, S.F., Dieckmann, G.S., Gulliksen, B., Horner, marine mammals (eds. W.F. Perrin, B. Würsig and J.G.M. Thewissen).
R., Hoshiai, T., Melnikov, I.A., Reeburgh, W.S., Spindler, M. and Sul- Academic Press, San Diego
livan, C.W. (1992). Ecology of sea ice biota. 2. Global significance. Polar
Biol., 12, 429-444
63
Burns, J.J. (2002). Arctic marine mammals. In Encyclopedia of ma-
rine mammals (eds. W.F. Perrin, B. Würsig and J.G.M Thewissen). Aca-
52
Tamelander, T., Renaud, P.E., Hop, H., Carroll, M.L., Ambrose Jr., demic Press, San Diego
W.G. and Hobson, K.A. (2006). Trophic relationships and pelagic-ben-
thic coupling during summer in the Barents Sea Marginal Ice Zone,
64
Tynan, C.T. and DeMaster, D.P. (1997). Observations and predictions
revealed by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements. Marine of Arctic climate change: Potential effects of marine mammals. Arctic,
Ecology Progress Series, 310, 33-46 50, 308-322
53
Grainger, E.H. and Hsiao, S.I.C. (1990). Trophic relationships of the sea
65
Harvell, C.D., Kim, K., Vurkholder, J.M., Colwell, R.R., Epstein, P.R.,
ice meiofauna in Frobisher Bay, Arctic Canada. Polar Biol., 10, 283-292 Grimes, D.J., Hofmann, E.E., Lipp, E.K., Osterhaus, A.D.M.E., Over-
94 GLOBAL OUTLOOK FOR ICE AND SNOW