77
Miller, F.L. and Gunn, A. (2003). Catastrophic die-off of Peary cari-
88
Pruitt, W.O., (2005). Why and how to study a snowcover. Canadian
bou on the western Queen Elizabeth Islands, Canadian High Arctic. Field-Naturalist, 119(1), 118-128
Arctic, 56, 381–390
89
Scott, D., McBoyle, G. and Mills, B. (2003). Climate change and
78
Harding, L.E. (2003). Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi). Update the skiing industry in southern Ontario (Canada): exploring the im-
status report: interim report. Committee on the Status of Endangered portance of snowmaking as a technical adaptation. Climate Research,
Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa 23(2), 171-181
79
Barnett, T.P., Adam, J.C. and Lettenmaier, D.P. (2005). Potential im-
90
Agrawala, S. (2007). Climate Change in the European Alps: Adapting
pacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated Winter Tourism and Natural Hazards Management. Organisation for
regions. Nature, 438(23), 303-309 Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris
80
Barlow, M., Salstein, D. and Cullen, H. (2005). Hydrologic extremes in
91
Kreag, G. and Moe, J. (2007). Minnesota’s North Shore Snowmobile
Central-Southwest Asia, meeting report. EOS Transactions AGU, 218-221 Trail: What is its value? http://www.seagrant.umn.edu/tourism/snow.
html [Accessed 6 February 2007]
81
Cherry, J., Cullen, H., Visbeck, M., Small, A., and Uvo, C., (2005).
Impacts of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Scandinavian hydropow-
92
Middelkoop, H., Daamen, K., Gellens, D., Grabs, W., Kwadijk, J.C.J.,
er production and energy markets. Water Resource Management, 19, Lang, H., Parmet, B.W.A.H, Schadler, B., Schulla, J. and Wilke, K.
673-691 (2001). Impact of climate change on hydrological regimes and water
resources management in the Rhine basin. Clim. Change, 49, 105-128
82
Payne, J.T., Wood, A.W., Hamlet, A.F., Palmer, R.N. and Lettenmaier,
D.P. (2004). Mitigating effects of climate change on the water resourc-
93
Kristovich, D.A.R. and Spinar, M.L. (2005). Diurnal variations in
es of the Columbia River Basin. Clim. Change, 62, 233-256 lake-effect precipitation near the Western Great Lakes. J. of Hydro.,
6(2), 210-218
83
Earman, S., Campbell, A.R., Phillips, F.M. and Newman, B.D.
(2006). Isotopic exchange between snow and atmospheric water va-
94
Kocin, P.J. and Uccellini, L.W. (2004). A snowfall impact scale de-
por: Estimation of the snowmelt component of groundwater recharge rived from northeast storm snowfall distributions. Bull. Amer. Meteor.
in the southwestern United States. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09302, Soc., 85, 177-194
doi:10.1029/2005JD006470
95
Stewart, T.R., Pielke, R. and Nath, R. (2004). Understanding user de-
84
Stewart, I., Cayan, D.R. and Dettinger, M.D. (2005). Changes toward cision making and the value of improved precipitation forecasts - Les-
earlier streamflow timing across western North America. J. Climate, sons from a case study. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,
18, 1136-1155 85(2), 223
85
Tape, K., Sturm, M. and Racine, C. (2006). The evidence for shrub
96
Mock, C.J. and Birkeland, K.W. (2000). Snow avalanche climatology
expansion in Northern Alaska and the Pan-Arctic. Global Change Biol- for the western United States mountain ranges. Bull. Amer. Met. Sox.,
ogy, 12(4), 686-702 81, 2367-92
86
Myneni, R.B., Keeling, C.D, Tucker, C.J, Asrar, G. and Nemani, R.R.
97
Vallo, F. (1990). Les accidents d’avalanches dans les Alpes (1975-
(1997). Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1988). Rev. Geogr. Alpine, 78, 145-55
1981 to 1991. Nature, 386, 698
98
Schweizer, J., Jamieson, J.B. and Schneebeli, M. (2003). Snow
87
Johnson, K. (2007). Colorado, still recovering from 2 storms, is hit avalanche formation. Rev. Geophys., 41(4), 1016, doi:10.1029/
with a 3rd. New York Times, 6 January 2002RG000123
62 GLOBAL OUTLOOK FOR ICE AND SNOW