TECH FRONT
changes to the control systems,” Formby said. “They may have very weak password policies and security policies that could let intruders take control of pumps, valves and other key components of the industrial control system.” In most cases, control systems were not designed for connecting to the Inter- net, and many users of the systems as- sume they aren’t on the public network and therefore not susceptible to attack, the researchers added. Control systems may also have connections that are unknown to operators, including access points installed to allow maintenance, troubleshooting and updates. “There are common misconcep- tions about what is connected to the Internet,” said Formby. “Operators may believe their systems are air-gapped and that there’s no way to access the controllers, but these systems are often connected in some way.” To launch the research, the re-
searchers identifi ed several common PLCs in use at industrial facilities. They obtained three different devices and tested their security setup, including password protection and susceptibility to settings changes. The devices were then combined with pumps, tubes and tanks to create a simulated water treat- ment facility. In the place of chlorine normally used to disinfect water, the re- searchers used iodine. They also added starch to their water supply, which turned bright blue when a simulated attack added iodine to it. “We were able to simulate a hacker who had gained access to this part of the system and is holding it hostage by threatening to dump large amounts of chlorine into the water unless the opera- tor pays a ransom,” Formby said. “In the right amount, chlorine disinfects the water and makes it safe to drink. But too much chlorine can create a bad reaction that would make the water unsafe.”
Vulnerabilities in control systems have been known for more than a decade, the researchers noted, but until the growth of ransomware, attackers had not been able to benefi t fi nancially from compromising the systems. As other ransomware targets
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