ASV'S Unmanned Marine Vehicle systems The C‐Enduro and C‐Worker USV


DATA AVAILABILITY gives consideration to the effects of transmission delays, the available bandwidth and the prioritisation of its usage, the timeliness of decision making and malicious attempts to cause its interruption.


DATA AUTHENTICATION is the process of confirming that the data being received is the data intended and that it originates from a legitimate source.


DATA CONFIDENTIALITY keeps data private to defined and authorised users with consideration of the vulnerabilities while data is in storage, during external transmission and periods of system maintenance.


DATA AUTHORISATION details a security model to provide access controls for the production, management, use and viewing of all data held with attention given to preventing the sharing of data with systems that have lower authorisation levels.


DATA OWNERSHIP addresses the legal rights to the data during usage and processing noting that ownership of data may change as it is processed or transmitted and may also change over time.


DATA STORAGE requires the analysis of the amount of data envisaged and where it is to be stored. Data storage arrangements should also include features that allow forensic investigation to be conducted.


System Security


A system security assessment is required to identify potential threats to the system with the NIST “Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cyber Security” being available for guidance that is recognised amongst maritime regulatory bodies. The assessment is to examine:


Threats to the system as either benign or malicious.


Vulnerabilities of the system, such as hardware, software and communications.


The risk of unauthorised system access, review of the consequences and the exploitation of vulnerabilities.


A review of the proposed security practices and the internal IT policy that addresses network access and system access policies which are to be adhered to by all personnel.


Human‐system considerations


Implicit with the concept of autonomous ships is a reduction in the significance of the human element to operations, with the human interactions that remain being considered within a human‐centred approach to system development, ensuring these issues are adequately addressed with the associated risks reduced to a tolerable level.


The human element of an autonomous ship will differ from a traditional ship with many of the human interactions moving from the shipboard environment to shore side with ultimately human involvement being removed completely, replaced totally by system interactions.


In conclusion there are already various degrees of autonomy being implemented in the marine environment ranging from on‐ship decision support, where all actions at the ship level are taken by a human operator, aided by a decision support tool to fully autonomous, unsupervised operation where decisions are made and actioned by the system itself. Recognising that different ships and their systems may have different levels of autonomy, Lloyds Register has devised a framework of autonomy levels, descriptive notes and certifications.


Peter Huntley‐Hawkins, Principal Specialist, Electrotechnical, Engineering Systems Lloyd's Register EMEA


References [1] Cyber‐enabled ships, Deploying information and communications technology in shipping – Lloyd’s Register’s approach to assurance, February 2016. [2] ShipRight procedure, Risk Based Designs (RBD), May 2016.


Society of Maritime Industries Handbook & Members’ Directory 2017 29


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