in pathological changes to the bony architecture of the pedal bone at slaughter. Further work is required to understand the longitudinal relationship between causal factors and the role of pathological changes to distal limb anatomy, however preventing the occurrence of lesions in the first place appears to be an important control point based on recent research findings.


Summary and conclusions Historically the term ‘subclinical laminitis’ has been used to describe claw horn lesions and implies a nutritional aetiology to these lesions based on high levels of concentrate feeding. Recent research however has challenged this theory. The role of body condition score and lameness has been explored in several studies; loss in body condition precedes the occurrence of lameness and is a risk factor for repeated lameness events over a cow’s life-time. The underlying mechanism to explain this relationship is not yet fully understood. Digital cushion thickness has a role in the development of claw horn lesions, although other factors such as herd and calving effects may also be important. Long term pathological changes associated with lameness and claw horn lesions have also recently been highlighted as important in the aetiopathogenesis of claw horn lesions; further work is required to understand the relative importance of these risk factors however it would appear that preventing the occurrence of lesions in the first place is critical.


Further reading Lameness in cattle 1. Recent research to inform clinical practice (2015) Maxwell, 0., Miguel-Pacheco, G., Newsome, R., Randall, L., Remnant, J., Thomas, H., Huxley, J. In Practice 37:127-138 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1136/inp.h897


Acknowledgments Work carried out by the author of this paper and work cited by colleagues at the University of Nottingham is currently funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and Boehringer Ingelheim and the Agricultural and Horticultural Development Board Dairy Division, a levy board, not-for-profit organization working on behalf of British dairy farmers. Their support is gratefully acknowledged.


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