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Initiation, Advancement, and Acute Complications of Parenteral Nutrition


27. Adamkin DH, Gelke KN, Andrews BF. Fat emulsions and hypertriglyceridemia. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1984;8(5):563-567. doi:10.1177/0148607184008005563


28. Chait A. Hypertriglyceridemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2022;51(3):539-555. doi:10 . 1016 / j . ecl . 2022 . 02 . 010


29. Anez-Bustillos L, Dao DT, Baker MA, Fell GL, Puder M, Gura KM. Intravenous fat emulsion formulations for the adult and pediatric patient: understanding the differences. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31(5):596-609. doi:10 . 1177 / 0884533616662996


30. Driscoll D. Pharmaceutical and clinical aspects of lipid emulsions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(1):125-134. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607116673187


31. Sacks G, Brown R, Collier P, Kudsk K. Failure of topical vegetable oils to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency in a critically ill patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994;18(3):274-277. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607194018003274


32. Mateu-de Antonio J, Florit-Sureda M. New strategy to reduce hypertriglyceridemia during parenteral nutrition while maintaining energy intake. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40(5):705-712. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607114549253


33. Compher C, Bingham AL, McCall M, et al. Guidelines for the provision of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2022;46(1):12-41. doi:10 . 1002 / jpen . 2267


34. Calder P. Lipids for intravenous nutrition in hospitalised adult patients: a multiple choice of options. Proc Nutr Soc. 2013;72(3):263-276. doi:10.1017/S0029665113001250


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36. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Lipid injectable emulsion safety recommendations for adult patients. 2021. Accessed August 7, 2024. https:// nutritioncare . org / aspen - lipid - injectable - emulsions - safety - recommendations


37. Kumpf VJ. Complications of parenteral nutrition. In: Chan L-N, ed. ASPEN Adult Nutrition Support Core Curriculum. 4th edition. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2025:467-486.


38. Crook MA, Hally V, Panteli JV. The importance of the refeeding syndrome. Nutrition. 2001;17(7-8):632-637. doi:10 . 1016 / s0899 - 9007(01)00542 - 1


39. Owers E, Reeves A, Ko S, et al. Rates of adult acute inpatients documented as at risk of refeeding syndrome by dietitians. Clin Nutr. 2015;34(1):134-139. doi:10 . 1016 / j . clnu . 2014 . 02 . 003


40. Parli S, Ruf K, Magnuson B. Pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of fluid and electrolyte abnormalities during refeeding syndrome. J Infus Nurs. 2014;37(3):197-202. doi:10 . 1097 / NAN . 0000000000000038


41. Walmsley R. Refeeding syndrome: screening, incidence, and treatment during parenteral nutrition. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(suppl 4):113-117. doi:10 . 1111 / jgh . 12345


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43. Chalela J, Lopez J. Medical management of hunger strikers. Nutr Clin Pract. 2013;28(1):128-135. doi:10 . 1177 / 0884533612462896


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45. Matthews K, Owers E, Palmer M. Agreement between student dietitians’ identification of refeeding syndrome risk with refeeding guidelines, electrolytes, and other dietitians: a pilot study. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2015;28(6):697-704. doi:10 . 1111 / jhn . 12281


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