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CHAPTER 4


7. Lacey K, Pritchett E. Nutrition care process and model: ADA adopts road map to quality care and outcomes management. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103(8):1061-1072. doi:10 . 1016 / s0002 - 8223(03)00971 - 4


8. White JV, Guenter P, Jensen G, Malone A, Schofield M; Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Malnutrition Work Group; A.S.P.E.N. Malnutrition Task Force; A.S.P.E.N. Board of Directors. Consensus statement of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics/American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition: characteristics recommended for the identification and documentation of adult malnutrition (undernutrition). J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112(5):730-738. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jand . 2012 . 03 . 012


9. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Electronic nutrition care process terminology. 2023. Accessed March 18, 2025. www. ncpro . org / pubs / 2023 - encpt - en / category - 1


10. da Silva J, Seres D, Sabino K, et al. A.S.P.E.N. Consensus Recommendations for Refeeding Syndrome. Nutr Clin Pract. 2020;35(2):178-195. doi:10 . 1002 / ncp . 10474


11. Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(6):S39-S70. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607104028006s39


12. Braun K, Utech A, Velez ME, Walker R. Parenteral nutrition electrolyte abnormalities and associated factors before and after nutrition support team initiation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2018;42(2):387-392. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607116673186


13. Mirtallo JM, Mulherin DW. Overview of parenteral nutrition. In: Chan L-N, ed. ASPEN Adult Nutrition Support Core Curriculum. 4th ed. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2025:387-402.


14. Cogle SV, Hutchison AM, Mulherin DW. Finding the sweet spot: managing parenteral nutrition-related glycemic complications in hospitalized adults. Nutr Clin Pract. 2023;38(6):1263-1272. doi:10 . 1002 / ncp . 11073


15. Perry MN, Ybarra JV, Sacks GS. Electrolyte management in hospitalized patients receiving nutrition support. Support Line. 2014;10-20.


16. Boullata J, Gilber K, Sacks G. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: parenteral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling, and dispensing. J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38(3):334-377. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607114521833


17. Lee H, Koh SO, Park MS. Higher dextrose delivery via TPN related to the development of hyperglycemia in non-diabetic critically ill patients. Nutr Res Pract. 2011;5(5):450-454. doi:10 . 4162 / nrp . 2011 . 5 . 5 . 450


18. Ayers P, Bobo ES, Hurt RT, Mays AA, Worthington PH, eds. Parenteral nutrition administration and monitoring. In: A.S.P.E.N. Parenteral Nutrition Handbook. 3rd ed. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2020:141-172.


19. Van Den Berghe G, Wilmer A, Hermans G, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(5):449-461. doi:10 . 1056 / NEJMoa052521


20. Olveira G, Tapia MJ, Ocón J, et al. Parenteral nutrition–associated hyperglycemia in non–critically ill inpatients increases the risk of in-hospital mortality (multicenter study). Diabetes Care. 2013;36(5):1061-1066. doi:10 . 2337 / dc12 - 1379


21. McMahon M, Nystrom E, Braunschweig C, et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: nutrition support of adult patients with hyperglycemia. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013;37(1):23-36. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607112452001


22. Mundi MS, Nystrom EM, Hurley DL, McMahon MM. Management of parenteral nutrition in hospitalized adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(4):535-549. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607116667060


23. Cheng A. Achieving glycemic control in special populations in hospital: perspectives in practice. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(2):134-138. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jcjd . 2014 . 02 . 021


24. Boutin J, Gauthier L. Insulin infusion therapy in critically ill patients. Can J Diabetes. 2014;38(2):144-150. doi:10 . 1016 / j . jcjd . 2014 . 01 . 016


25. Visschers R, Olde Damink S, Gehlen J, Winkens B, Soeters P, van Gemert W. Treatment of hypertriglyceridemia in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(5):610-615. doi:10 . 1177 / 014860711038961


26. Mirtallo JM, Dasta JF, Kleinschmidt KC, et al. State of the art review: intravenous fat emulsions: current applications, safety profile, and clinical implications. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44(4):688-700. doi:10 . 1345 / aph . 1M626


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