Parenteral Nutrients and Formulations References
1. Derenski K, Catlin J, Allen L. Parenteral nutrition basics for the clinician caring for the adult patient. Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31(5):578-595. doi:10 . 1177 / 0884533616657650
2. Westman E. Is dietary carbohydrate essential for human nutrition? Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75(5):951-953. doi:10 . 1093 / ajcn / 75 . 5 . 951
3. Wolfe RR, O’Donnell TF Jr, Stone MD, Richmand DA, Burke JF. Investigation of factors determining the optimal glucose infusion rate in total parenteral nutrition. Metabolism. 1980;29(9):892-900. doi:10 . 1016 / 0026 - 0495(80)90130 - 4
4. Merli M, Giggio O. Dietary and nutritional indications in hepatic encephalopathy. Met Brain Dis. 2009;24(1):211-221. doi:10 . 1007 / s11011 - 008 - 9127 - 0
5. McClave SA, Taylor BE, Martindale RG, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult critically ill patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2016;40(2):159-211. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607115621863
6. Bossola M, Muscaritoli M, Tazza L, et al. Malnutrition in hemodialysis patients: what therapy? Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(3):371-386. doi:10 . 1053 / j . ajkd . 2005 . 05 . 031
7. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, Tesinsky P, et al. ESPEN guidelines on enteral nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):295-310. doi:10 . 1016 / j . clnu . 2006 . 01 . 023
8. Patel R, Mowatt-Larssen C. Parenteral nutrition formulations. In: Chan LN, ed. The ASPEN Adult Nutrition Support Core Curriculum. 4th ed. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 2025:403-434.
9. Mirtallo JM, Ayers P, Boullata J, et al. ASPEN lipid injectable emulsion safety recommendations, part 1: background and adult considerations. Nutr Clin Pract. 2020;35(5):769-782. doi:10 . 1002 / ncp . 10496
10. Boullata JI, Gilbert K, Sacks G, et al. A.S.P.E.N. clinical guidelines: parenteral nutrition ordering, order review, compounding, labeling, and dispensing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2014;38(3):334-377. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607114521833
11. Vanek VW, Seidner DL, Allen P, et al. A.S.P.E.N. position paper: clinical role for alternative intravenous fat emulsions. Nutr Clin Pract. 2012;27(2):150-192. doi:10 . 1177 / 0884533612439896
12. Driscoll DF. Pharmaceutical and clinical aspects of lipid injectable emulsions. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(1):125-134. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607116673187
13. Singer P, Berger MM, Van den Berghe G, et al. ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: intensive care. Clin Nutr. 2009;28(4):387-400. doi:10 . 1016 / j . clnu . 2009 . 04 . 024
14. Hayes BD, Gosselin S, Calello DP, et al. Systematic review of clinical adverse events reported after acute intravenous lipid emulsion administration. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016;54(5):365-404. doi:10 . 3109 / 15563650 . 2016 . 1151528
15. Miller DG, Williams SK, Palombo JD, Griffin RE, Bistrian BR, Blackburn GL. Cutaneous application of safflower oil in preventing essential fatty acid deficiency in patients on home parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46(3):419-423. doi:10 . 1093 / ajcn / 46 . 3 . 419
16. Sacks GS, Brown RO, Collier P, Kudsk KA. Failure of topical vegetable oils to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency in a critically ill patient receiving long-term parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1994;18(3):274-277. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607194018003274
17. Mirtallo J, Canada T, Johnson D, et al. Safe practices for parenteral nutrition. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2004;28(6):S39-S70. doi:10.1177/0148607104028006s39
18. Mundi MS, Nystrom EM, Hurley DL, McMahon MM. Management of parenteral nutrition in hospitalized adult patients. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2017;41(4):535-549. doi:10 . 1177 / 0148607116667060
19. Cober MP, Tucker AM, Derenski K. Strategies for successful parenteral nutrition order writing. ASHP MidYear 2016 Clinical Meeting & Exhibition, Las Vegas, NV. Accessed March 17, 2025. www. ashp . org / - / media / assets / pharmacy - practice / resource - centers / Clinical - Pharmacy - Resources / Nutrition - Support / 2016 - MCM / MCM16 - 335 - Strategies - for - Successful - Parenteral - nutrition . pdf
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