SIGNS/SYMPTOMS SKIN (continued)


Acanthosis nigricans velvety hyperpigmentation in body folds (often at neck, armpits, groin)


N/A


Possible non–nutrition-related causes: Insulin resistance • Obesity • Diabetes mellitus • Hypothyroidism • Cushing syndrome • Acromegaly • Metabolic syndrome • Hormonal disorders • Cancer


Additional information: More common in Native Americans


GASTROINTESTINAL Diarrhea


SKELETAL SYSTEM Demineralization of bone


Deficiency: Zinc • Niacin • Folate • Vitamin A


Deficiency: Vitamin D • Calcium • Vitamin K • Vitamin B12 • Manganese


Toxicity: Vitamin A


Osteomalacia Rickets


Bone pain


NERVOUS SYSTEM Wernicke encephalopathy/Korsakoff syndrome


Deficiency: Vitamin D


Possible non–nutrition-related causes: Increasing age • Low body mass index • Excessive alcohol consumption • Smoking • Corticosteroid treatment • Family history of osteoporosis or fracture • Hyperparathyroidism


At risk for deficiency: Celiac disease • Irritable bowel disease • Cystic fibrosis • Kidney disease • Dark skin • Northern latitudes (lack of sunlight) • Medications (antiseizure, antiretroviral) • Exclusive breastfeeding • Premature birth


Deficiency: Vitamin D


Possible non–nutrition-related causes: Fractures • Arthritis • Cancer


Deficiency: Thiamin


At risk for deficiency: Alcoholism • Recurrent dialysis • Hyperemesis • Starvation • Gastric bypass • Cancer • AIDS • Refeeding syndrome


POSSIBLE NUTRITION-RELATED CAUSES


ADDITIONAL INFORMATION


MICRONUTRIENT EXAM: CLINICAL INTERPRETATION OF NUTRITION FOCUSED PHYSICAL EXAM FINDINGS PEDIATRIC MALNUTRITION INDICATORS


40


Page 1  |  Page 2  |  Page 3  |  Page 4  |  Page 5  |  Page 6  |  Page 7  |  Page 8  |  Page 9  |  Page 10  |  Page 11  |  Page 12  |  Page 13  |  Page 14  |  Page 15  |  Page 16  |  Page 17  |  Page 18  |  Page 19  |  Page 20  |  Page 21  |  Page 22  |  Page 23  |  Page 24  |  Page 25  |  Page 26  |  Page 27  |  Page 28  |  Page 29  |  Page 30  |  Page 31  |  Page 32  |  Page 33  |  Page 34  |  Page 35  |  Page 36  |  Page 37  |  Page 38  |  Page 39  |  Page 40  |  Page 41  |  Page 42  |  Page 43  |  Page 44  |  Page 45  |  Page 46  |  Page 47  |  Page 48  |  Page 49  |  Page 50  |  Page 51  |  Page 52  |  Page 53  |  Page 54  |  Page 55  |  Page 56  |  Page 57  |  Page 58  |  Page 59  |  Page 60  |  Page 61  |  Page 62  |  Page 63  |  Page 64  |  Page 65  |  Page 66  |  Page 67  |  Page 68  |  Page 69  |  Page 70