EUROPE ASIA


efforts. Loss and damage become evident when adaptation measures are unsuccessful, insufficient, not implemented, or impossible to implement; or when adaption measures incur unrecoverable costs or turn out to be measures that increase vulnerabilities, called maladaptations.11


NORTH AMERICA


CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA


NORTH AMERICA EUROPE ARCTIC AFRICA ANTARCTIC ASIA AUSTRALASIA SMALL ISLANDS SMALL ISLANDS EUROPE


Loss and damage can occur from a spectrum of climate change impacts, ranging from sudden onset events such as cyclones, hurricanes, flash floods, and landslides to slow-onset processes such as increasing average temperature, sea level rise, drought, soil salinization, and ocean acidification.12-15 Extreme events alter ecosystems. As a result, they disrupt food production, water supply, infrastructure and settlements, and human lives and livelihoods.2


With more than 60 per cent


of the ecosystems and their services already degraded or exploited unsustainably.16


Climate change will cause further


changes and adverse consequences, including alterations in the efficiency of ecosystem services.17-19


Understanding the


serious implications of loss and damage should motivate policy makers, governments, communities, and individuals to minimize, and ultimately prevent, losses and damages.


Video: Interview with Frans Berkhout, King’s College London


Confidence in attribution to climate change


very low


low med high


indicates confidence range


very high


very low


Confidence in attribution to climate change


low med high


indicates confidence range


very high


Physical systems


Observed impacts attributed to climate change for Biological systems


Physical systems


Glaciers, snow, ice and/or permafrost


Glaciers, snow, ice and/or permafrost


Rivers, lakes, floods, and/or drought


Rivers, lakes, floods, and/or drought


Coastal erosion and/or sea level effects


Coastal erosion and/or sea level effects


Observed impacts attributed to climate change for Biological systems


Terrestrial ecosystems Terrestrial ecosystems Wildfire


Marine ecosystems Wildfire


Filled symbols / bars = Major contribution of climate change Outlined symbols / bars = Minor contribution of climate change


Marine ecosystems


Human and managed systems Food production


Livelihoods, health, and/or economics


Regional-scale impacts


Filled symbols / bars = Major contribution of climate change Outlined symbols / bars = Minor contribution of climate change


Regional-scale impacts


Human and managed systems Food production


Livelihoods, health, and/or economics


ASIA NORTH AMERICA Global patterns of observed climate change impacts


SMALL ISLANDS


AUSTRALASIA


© LossAndDamage Video Link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pp8WEhG2UHs


Global patterns of observed climate change impacts reported since AR4. Each filled symbol in the top panels indicates a class of systems for which climate change has played a major role in observed changes in at least one system within that class across the respective region, with the range of confidence in attribution for those region-wide impacts indicated by the bars. Regional- scale impacts where climate change has played a minor role are shown by outlined symbols in a box in the respective region. Sub-regional impacts are indicated with symbols on the map, placed in the approximate area of their occurrence. The impacted area can vary from specific locations to broad areas such as a major river basin. Impacts on physical (blue), biological (green), and human (red) systems are differentiated by color. This map represents a graphical synthesis of Tables 18-5, 18-6, 18-7, 18-8, and 18-9. Absence of climate change impacts from this figure does not imply that such impacts have not occurred.


IPCC (2014)2


45


UNEP FRONTIERS 2016 REPORT

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