despite the promise of One Health and Ecohealth initiatives. These approaches have been widely endorsed, but are rarely used at local levels, where they are most needed.
Effective strategies already exist for controlling most neglected zoonoses; the main constraint is lack of investment rather than method.36
The costs of controlling zoonoses can
seem high when compared to public health benefits alone, but these costs are easily outweighed when a full cross- sector analysis is carried out and the benefits of control to the agricultural sector, to wildlife, and to society are taken into account.36,41,42
In the case of emerging diseases, investment in surveillance and in human and animal health services are needed to ensure ‘emergence events’ do not lead to large-scale zoonoses epidemics. The World Bank has estimated that an investment of US$3.4 billion in animal health systems per year would avert losses incurred through delayed or inadequate responses to zoonoses–losses estimated at US$6.7 billion per year.7
While improved surveillance and rapid response capacities are important and urgently needed, they, too, are insufficient means to controlling the emergence of zoonotic diseases. Success requires addressing the root causes of disease emergence–the fact that human activities are imposing extreme stresses on ecosystems and their ability to function. Addressing the problem at the necessary foundational level calls for reconciling human development within the biophysical environment. The ecosystem services on which the health of animals, people, and the planet depend must be restored, safeguarded, and prized.
© FAO Video Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHVSW5HwmZM
Estimated costs of emerging zoonotic diseases (1986 - 2006)
50 45 40 35 30 25
20 15 10 5 0
1980 1985
SARS (Asia, Canada, rest of the world) 2002
BSE (UK), 1986
HPAI (Asia), 2004
Plague (India), 1994
1990
Nipah Virus (Malaysia), 1998
1995 BSE (USA), 2004
WNV, 1999
2000 HPAI (Europe), 2005 2005 2010
RVF (Kenya, Somalia, Tanzania), 2006
Source: World Bank (2012)7
Video: FAO: Changing disease landscapes - Towards a Global Health approach
27
US$ billion
UNEP FRONTIERS 2016 REPORT
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