additives feature | Flame retardants
Table 1: Emerald 1000 in High Impact Polystyrene Emerald 1000 FR1 FR2 FR3 12.0 4.0 V-0
Fr load, % ATo, %
ul-94 @ 1.6 mm
notched izod impact, J/m gardner impact, J
melt Flow index @ 200°c/5 kg, g/10min Vicat Softening point, ˚c
151.7 6.9
11.9 99.1
12.0 4.0 V-0
4.0 V-1
4.3
10.9 96.3
All formulations contain 5% Kraton d1101 impact modifier
Table 2: Emerald 1000 in ABS Emerald 1000 FR1 FR2 FR3 FR4 13.0 5.0 0.3 V-0 0.1
Fr load, % ATo, %
pTFE, % ul-94 @ 1.6 mm
Average burn time, secs Tensile strength, mpa Strain at yield, % Strain at break, %
Flexural strength, mpa Flexural modulus, mpa notched izod impact, J/m mFi, g/10min, 230°c/10 kg HdT, ˚c, , 1.8mpa
47.9 3.02 15.3 75.2
2436.6 107.3 28.97 75.2
FR1 - DecaBDE FR2 - Decabromodiphenyl ethane FR3 - Tris(tribromophenyl) cyanurate FR4 - Brominated epoxy oligomer
users who wish to maintain a balance of performance characteristics such as impact strength, tensile properties, HdT, and melt flow when developing new formulations. great lakes Solutions’ Application research
laboratory compared the performance of Emerald 1000 to decaBdE (Fr1) and three other commercial alterna- tives - decabromodiphenyl ethane (Fr2), tris(tribromophenyl) cyanurate (Fr3) and brominated epoxy oligomer (Fr4). while the role of these additives is to provide resistance to ignition and to slow down the burning of the plastic once ignited, much of the consideration given to the choice of Fr concerns its affect on the physical properties of the formulation once the target flame performance is achieved. A standard screening test for fire resistance in
plastics used for electronics applications is underwrit- ers laboratories (ul) Test 94. Following this standard,
50 compounding world | december 2011
13.0 5.0 0.3 V-0 0.1
48.3 2.92 9.6
75.6
13.0 5.0 0.3 V-0 0.3
46.2 2.66 15.1 72.9
55.0
16.2 5.0 0.3 V-0 0.1
50.1 2.86 7.1
78.6 83.8
1.5 8.7
12.0 14.9 4.0 V-0
123.9 101.5 130.8 1.5
15.3 98.2 96.0
the flammability of a plastic material is assigned one of several flammability ratings depending on its burning behaviour. in the studies described below, plastics were
21.7 5.0 0.3 V-0 0.2
51.2 2.53 3.02 72.5
2541.4 2593.8 2582.8 2776.6 92.9
41.1
29.03 20.96 42.78 73.42 75.4
76.5 73.8 73.2
formulated with various Fr additives and the required corresponding loading of antimony trioxide (ATo) synergist in order to achieve a V0 rating according to the ul-94 standard. The efficiency of each Fr was thus determined by the quantity required to achieve this performance. The effect of the additive on the physical properties of the plastics was also compared. Emerald 1000 was found to demonstrate higher efficiency in terms of the required bromine content to achieve V0 performance when compared with other commercial Frs. in HipS, as shown in Table 1, V0 performance was achieved at a 12% loading for the new additive, the same as for Fr1 and Fr2. Having demonstrated the efficacy and efficiency of
Emerald 1000, a comparison of the resulting physical properties of the Fr formulation in these resins was studied. in each case, a battery of standard physical property tests was conducted. Two impact strength tests were employed in these
studies. The notched izod impact test (ASTm d256) and the gardner or dart impact test (ASTm d5420) provide complimentary testing of impact strength by two different fracture mechanisms. The impact strength comparison is of particular interest because it is a property that is typically more sensitive to the addition of Frs. HdT (ASTm d648) is an important characteristic for
plastics used in applications that experience prolonged exposure to elevated temperatures, such as electronics housings or automotive parts. This property can be either positively or negatively affected by various Frs. Another method for predicting service temperature is the Vicat softening point (ASTm d1525), in which the temperature at which a plastic softens is determined. mechanical properties were evaluated as well, including tensile (ASTm d638) and flexural (ASTm d790) properties. Finally, the rheological, or melt viscosity profiles, were also compared. when developing a ‘replacement’ formulation for an existing application, maintaining comparable rheological properties is often critical. A significant change in melt viscosity can result in a need to change conditions or even equipment in the fabrication operation, which can lead to added cost and development time.
Styrenics success in HipS, Emerald 1000 offers very good impact resist- ance, both in the notched izod impact strength test and in the falling dart, or gardner impact test (Table 1). As indicated, Emerald 1000, Fr1 and Fr2 were tested at a
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