20 Weather Monitoring


Pyranometer Used to Monitor Active Volcano Researchers from Université de La Réunion have installed a Delta-T Devices Sunshine Pyranometer as part of a weather station on the crater’s edge of one of the most active volcanoes in the world. The volcano, named Piton de la Fournaise “Peak of the Furnace” lies on the south-eastern side of Reunion Island, a French island in the Indian Ocean. The volcano is 530,000 years old and erupted as recently as May 26th 2016. 4,700 years ago it produced a huge eruption – believed to be of similar magnitude to that of Mount St Helens in 1980.


The volcano is constantly monitored by a range of geophysical sensors, which send data to the OVPF (Observatoire Volcanologique du Piton de la Fournaise). Long term monitoring by two downward-looking infra-red video cameras is now supplemented by an upward-looking SPN1 Sunshine Pyranometer. Data from the SPN1 will be used to help eliminate the effect of solar radiation on the infra-red camera readings. On June 13th 2016, Patrick Jeanty and research colleagues from the Université de La Réunion’s LE2P team (LE2P: Laboratory of Energetic, Electronic and Processes), ascended the volcano. It took one and a half hour to reach the rim of the crater at an elevation of 2587m. Each team member carried about 20kg of equipment.


The LE2P team is well placed to assist with this research. By installing monitoring stations (each including an SPN1 Pyranometer) at a number of locations around Reunion Island, they have been able to develop short term forecasting (nowcasting) models – enabling the effi cient regulation of the electricity grid. The volcano weather station and SPN1 will remain in position for a full year – and its data will be compared with an identical station at the OVPF (volcano monitoring) main offi ce in Bourg-Murat.


Co-Operation the Key to Meeting the Growing Extreme Weather


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According to Munich Re, of the total reported losses of USD3.8 trillion from disasters from 1980 to 2012, 74% were due to extreme weather. The World Bank says: “Annual total damages from disasters have been increasing for decades and models show that population growth and rapid urbanisation could put 1.3 billion people and USD158 trillion in assets at risk from river and coastal fl oods by 2050.”


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The worst hit areas are expected to be in Asia, which is heavily exposed to weather extremes, in part due to a growing population, increasing urbanisation, and a shift to an energy intensive diet based increasingly on meat consumption.


Clearly, if we’re to continue to prosper, then action is crucial. Firstly, to mitigate and manage the risks and impact of extreme weather and to develop better early warning systems, especially in such areas as agriculture, energy generation and supply, public health and transport. Secondly, to develop infrastructure – of the ‘hard’ type (roads, power grids, etc.) and the ‘soft’ sort (public services, business supply chains) – that is both more resilient to extreme weather and climate change, and more adaptable to cope with the increasing frequency and intensity of weather extremes predicted in the coming years.


InterMET Asia-Extreme Weather Expo was established to bring together weather affected enterprises with providers of management and mitigation solutions, the so-called ‘Global Weather Enterprise’. This Enterprise embraces the technology companies whose products acquire and process weather data; the public and private sector agencies which value add this data to create forecasting and climate services; international agencies like the World Bank which fund activities in developing countries, which are often the most exposed to weather extremes; and the planners and engineers who use weather data to design and implement resilient and adaptable solutions.


Since its launch in 2014, InterMET Asia has recognised that success in addressing the risks of extreme weather and climate change crucially depends on meaningful public-private sector engagement.


In Singapore from 21 - 23 March you will be able to participate in a 2-day expert led conference, technical workshops and presentations, a special symposium on weather risk led by the insurance community, and a special session bringing together the World Bank and Global Facility for Disaster Reduction & Recovery (GFDRR) with the public and private sectors. You can also attend an exhibition of many of the world’s leading technology companies. To fi nd out more, visit www.intermet.asia/ and to register for the conference, visit: www.ewex.asia/register


NOTE: Readers are offered a special 15% discount on the main conference fee - just enter AET as the Promotional Code on the registration page, www. ewex.asia/register


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Challenge to Public and Private Enterprise As global warming continues apace, so does the evidence that the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events – fl ood, drought, hurricanes – is also on the rise. The consequences for business and society are profound - especially those areas most exposed to weather risks such as food production, water and energy supply and, of course, public health as diseases like malaria and dengue spread more widely.


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Better Quality Air Means a Better


Quality of Life Air quality affects our quality of life, but current measurement networks do not provide accurate enough picture of the air quality situation. By bringing air quality monitoring where it previously has not been practical, Vaisala Air Quality Transmitters provide information that can directly impact our daily lives.


Since the London smog incident in the 1950s, ambient air monitoring has developed into a globally


adopted public task. It is performed to ensure the health and safety of citizens as well as to minimise adverse environmental effects due to pollutants.


In today’s statutory air quality networks, measurements are made with fi xed air monitoring stations using standard reference methods. Analysers using these methods are well established and accurate, but are costly to operate and maintain, so the number and spatial density of these stations is typically relatively low. Typically, stations are several kilometres apart even in cities.


However, due to the localised nature of pollution sources and microclimatic effects, the air quality in cities inevitably varies on much smaller scale, making current networks inadequate for providing real-time localised air quality information.


Vaisala Air Quality Transmitters provide a new type of a cost effective solution for monitoring ambient air, providing a real-time picture of the local air quality situation. Quick and easy to deploy, they are ideal for complementing an analyser- based network for a more accurate picture of the air quality situation.


They are also an easy way to establish a monitoring network around industrial sites, like petrochemical facilities, power plants or mines, where air quality is of particular interest.


Vaisala also offers software solutions for managing a network of instruments and making the measurement data easily accessible for users and applications. The data can also be used to support air quality forecasting.


The accumulation of air pollution also depends on local meteorological conditions. For example, wind can move pollutants distances of hundreds of kilometres, and under low level inversion conditions, pollutants accumulate to generate high ground level concentrations. Wet deposition due to rainfall clears the air from pollutants but can also pollute the environment in the form of acid rain.


Understanding local weather conditions is therefore important in fully understanding air quality conditions.


To this end, the Vaisala Air Quality Transmitters can seamlessly be connected to the Vaisala Weather Transmitter family of products. These products measure the essential weather parameters (wind, rain, PTU) in a compact and easy to deploy format.


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AET Annual Buyers Guide 2017 www.envirotech-online.com


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Also a solar irradiation sensor can be added to provide data on local photochemical conditions. Vaisala also offers ceilometer instruments for 24/7 monitoring of boundary layer height and conditions.


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