Figure 2. Comparison of results of ETG in male hair and male nails.
window of detection of any drug testing sample. Because they grow in both length and thickness, fingernails preserve their window of detection in a greater surface area, and allow for greatest accessibility to drug and alcohol use history. Well- researched and long-used for various forensic applications, fingernails are a powerful tool to be included in the drug and alcohol testing professional’s toolbox. ❚
References
1. Suzuki, O., Hattori, H., & Asano, M. (1984). Nails as useful materials for detection of methamphetamine or amphetamine abuse. Forensic Science International, 24, 9-16.
2. Lander, H., Hodge, P.R., & Crisp, C.S. (1965). Arsenic in the hair and nails. Its significance in acute arsenical poisoning. Journal of Forensic Medicine, 12, 52-67.
3. Palmeri, A., Pichini, S., Pacifici, R., Zuccaro, P., & Lopez, A. (2000). Drugs in nails: Physiology, pharmacokinetics, and forensic toxicology. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 38, 95-110.
4. Shuster, S., & Munro, C.S. (1992). Single dose treatment of fungal nail disease [letter]. Lancet, 339, 1066.
5. Walters, K.A., & Flynn, G.L. (1983). Permeability characteristics of the human nail plate. International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 5, 231-246.
Figure 3. Comparison of results of ETG in female hair and female nails.
6. Bean, W.B. (1953). A note on fingernail growth. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 20, 27-31.
7. Jones, J., Jones, M., Plate, C., & Lewis, D. (2013). The Detection of THCA using 2-dimensional gas chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry in human fingernail clippings: method validation and comparison with head hair. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 4, 1-8.
8. Jones, J., Jones, M., Plate, C., Lewis, D., Fendrich, M., Berger, L., & Fuhrmann, D. (20120). Liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry assay to detect ethyl glucuronide in human fingernail: comparison to hair and gender differences. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 3, 83-91.
9. Morini, L., Zucchella, A., Polettini, A., Lucia, P., & Groppi, A. (2010). Effect of bleaching on ethyl glucuronide in hair: An in vitro experiment. Forensic Science International, 198, 23-27.
Joseph Salerno is the Science Writer for United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc. (USDTL) in Des Plaines, Illinois with over 17 years of experience in biological research and scientific communications. He has published peer-reviewed research on subjects ranging from molecular biology to biophysics to toxicol- ogy, as well as dozens of educational articles on drug and alcohol biomarker testing. He earned his master’s degree from Northwestern University, Evanston, IL. You can reach Joseph Salerno at
http://www.usdtl.com, where you can also keep up-to-date on USDTL’s Re- search and Development efforts.
30 datia focus summer 2014
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