of fluids and tissues, including hair. Te detection of EtG in hair has been used for over a decade as a long-term direct alcohol biomarker for special isolated niches such as post-mortem investigations and family court but recently has been gaining popularity in other market segments such as addiction treatment monitoring and organ transplant qualification. Te published evidence shows that social drinking does not produce a level of EtG above the standard cutoffs and that it requires on average between 2-3 drinks per day before a subject will approach the cutoff and be considered as positive. Te detection of EtG in hair as a long-term alcohol bio- marker offers the healthcare and legal profes- sional one more tool to objectively monitor for excessive alcohol consumption. ❚
References
Haller, D. L., Acosta, M. C., Lewis, D., Miles, D. R., Schiano, T., Shapiro, P. A., Newville, H. (2010). Hair analysis versus conventional methods of drug testing in substance abusers seeking organ transplantation. American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons, 10(5), 1305–1311. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03090.x
Janda, I., Weinmann, W., Kuehnle, T., Lahodec, M., & Alt, A. (2002). Determination of ethyl glucuronide in human hair by SPE and LC–MS-MS. Forensic Science International, 128, 59–65.
Jones, J., Jones, M., Plate, C., Lewis, D., Fendrich, M., Berger, L., & Fuhrmann, D. (2012). Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay to Detect Ethyl Glucuronide in Human Fingernail: Comparison to Hair and Gender Differences. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 03(01), 83–91. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2012.31012
Jurado, C., Soriano, T., Gimenez, M. P., & Menendez, M. (2004). Diagnosis of chronic alcohol consumption. Hair analysis for ethyl- glucuronide. Forensic science international, 145(2-3), 161–166. doi: 10.1016/
j.forsciint.2004.04.031
Kronstrand, R., Brinkhagen, L., & Nystrom, F. H. (2012). Ethyl glucuronide in human hair after daily consumption of 16 or 32 g of ethanol for 3 months. [Randomized Controlled Trial]. Forensic science international, 215(1-3), 51–55. doi: 10.1016/j. forsciint.2011.01.044
Morini, L., Politi, L., Groppi, A., Stramesi, C., & Polettini, A. (2006). Determination of ethyl glucuronide in hair samples by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 41(1), 34–42. doi: 10.1002/ jms.943
Morini, L., Zucchella, A., Polettini, A., Politi, L., & Groppi, A. (2010). Effect of bleaching on ethyl glucuronide in hair: an in vitro experiment. [In Vitro]. Forensic science international, 198(1-3), 23–27. doi: 10.1016/
j.forsciint.2009.11.005
Politi, L., Morini, L., Leone, F., & Polettini, A. (2006). Ethyl glucuronide in hair: Is it a reliable marker of chronic high levels of alcohol consumption? Addiction, 101(10), 1408-1412. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01537.x
Robertson, J. (2013, January 03, 2013). Rockhurst High School will test all students for drugs: Program is believed to be first in KC area. The Kansas City Star. Retrieved from http://www.
kansascity.com/2013/01/03/v-print/3993986/rockhurst-high- school-will-test.html
Skopp, G., Schmitt, G., Potsch, L., Dronner, P., Adderjan, R., & Mattern, R. (2000). Ethyl glucuronide in human hair. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 35(3), 283-285.
Society of Hair Testing (SOHT). (2011). Consensus of the Society of Hair Testing on hair testing for chronic excessive alcohol consumption 2011. Retrieved from
http://soht.org/pdf/ Revised%20Alcohol%20marker%20Consensus.pdf.
Stewart, S. H., Koch, D. G., Willner, I. R., Randall, P. K., & Reuben, A. (2012). Hair Ethyl Glucuronide is Highly Sensitive and Specific for Detecting Moderate-to-Heavy Drinking in Patients with Liver Disease. [Advance Access]. Alcohol and Alcoholism. doi: 10.1093/alcalc/ags109
Joseph Jones is the Vice President of Labora- tory Operations for United States Drug Testing Laboratories, Inc. (USDTL) in Des Plaines, Illinois with over 25 years of experience in the drug and alcohol testing industry. He has over a dozen peer-reviewed publications covering a variety of specimen types and is recognized as a Toxicological Chemist by the National Registry of Certified Chemists. You can reach Joseph Jones at
http://www.usdtl.com, and/or keep up-to-date by checking out USDTL’s blog at
www.usdtl.blogspot.com or follow him on Facebook, Linked-In and Twitter@usdtl.
Figure 2. The concentration of EtG in hair of 606 college students compared to the self- reported average daily number of drinks.
www.datia.org
datia focus
53
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62