between 1:67 and 1:100 is advisable. Slit drain systems must remove surplus water from the surface soon after rain has fallen.
To advertise in this section contact Classifieds
Peter Britton on 01747 855335 email:
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Installed at 1m spacing they have proved very effective, though the introduction of 260mm spaced sand- injected mini-slits offer an even greater potential for rapid water removal. In this way the
relatively
impermeable topsoil can be maintained in a firm and playable condition. Otherwise, isolated muddy areas soon develop. Also vital is the importance of sand dressings to promote surface water flow laterally to slit drains and preventing these drains from being smeared with adjacent clay loam soil dislodged during play (Adams and Gibbs,1994).
Run-o off outside the playing area
In many instances water run-off is initiated from higher ground passing down on to the pitches. The long-term performance of cut-off drains, or those at the toe of the cut slope, depend on the degree of maintenance, as silting at the surface is bound to accumulate. The installation of shallow grassed swales or diversion ditches with appropriate gradient is an approved alternative solution. Controlling surface water movement moving on to the pitches must be the first priority. The potential for surplus water
run-off from sports pitches is of greater consequence after prolonged heavy rain. In a study of the rainfall in southern England the data from the recognised meteorological station at the Wisely Horticultural Research site was chosen. Over eleven years, during the wet winter months of October to April, the average number of rain days per month was 16.5. Of these, 15.1 days had rainfall totals less than 10mm in a day and, on 8.7 days, the daily rainfall measured less than 2mm. It was estimated earlier that at least the first 8 to 12mm of rain is retained by abstraction. However, the 1 in 2 year or 1
in 10 year storm in southern England can produce rainfall of 25 to 35mm in one hour. With this extreme rainfall in excess of the amount that can be abstracted, surface run-off must occur. Naturally, the immediate surroundings below the playing area now become a vital factor. On graded sports pitches water run-off is generally not significantly more than would occur if the land had not been
and the installation of lateral and slit drains, there is a significant control in surface water flow and a degree of attenuation is achieved. With run-off into a stream, pond, watercourse or open pasture there is generally no concern. However, where outfall locations are restricted or do not exist, in the case of built-up areas provision must be made for the attenuation of this surplus water to prevent peak flow and distribute the surplus water more evenly over the boundary. Furthermore, with a diagonal gradient over a graded area there will be concentrated flow of water run-off after heavy storms. Swales become a vital provision and temporary storage structures, incorporating large stone of 150 to 200 mm dimension, with large diameter twin wall plastic piping and reinforced plastic cells, are used for this purpose. The latter materials have maximum potential for storage and are used extensively under car park areas.
Conclusion
Water run-off is a vital factor in sports pitch design. The control of surplus water flow on to pitches remains the first priority. Acceptable gradient and grade are vital to create surface movement of surplus water on the pitch at times of high intensity rainfall and to prevent the development of water-logged areas. Notwithstanding surface drainage provisions in the form of gradient, swales and slit drains, the pitch surroundings will dictate the extent to which attenuation is taken to accommodate water run-off on the pitch at times of heavy rainfall. However, it therefore becomes essential to define the rainfall risk to be catered for in terms of the maximum rainfall intensity allowed for over a nominated return period.
Gordon Jaaback may be contacted by email:
gordonjbk@turfandgrass.com
developed. With the use of diversion ditches, shallow swales, shorter grass cover, a gradient levelled to be suitable for sport
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