To advertise in this section contact
Peter Britton on 01747 855335 email:
peter@pitchcare.com
Winter Sports Classifieds WATER RUN-OFF DRAINAGE GOLF COURSE SUPPLIES
From Tools & Turfcare to Markers & Maintenance Quality Course Signage & Personalised Club Supplies
Oakland Amenity Tel: 07810 883 434
Golf Course Supplies Dedicated to Scotland & The North of England
www.oaklandamenity.co.uk GOLF COURSE DESIGN
DISEASE SUPPRESSANT
Tried everything else? Now try something that will give astonishing results
gaunt golf
• nematode suppression • strong, healthy root growth • thatch breakdown • plus many other benefits
Tel: 01874 611444
Email:
enquiries@ormproproducts.com website:
www.ormproproducts.com
ENGINES & SPARE PARTS THE ENGINE SPECIALISTS HANCOX
A complete line of premium power petrol and diesel engines
DIRECT SALES SERVICE - order today and receive your goods within 24 hrs
Tel: 01564 824343 Email:
sales@hancox.co.uk
View parts or replacement engines online at WWW.HANCOX.CO.UK FERTILISERS & CHEMICALS GROUND PROTECTION FIELDGUARD SAFE
Unique solutions for turf and horticulture. • Natural Organics • Fertilisers • Micronutrients
Call 05600 758784
info@growthproducts.co.uk
Growth Products = Growth Solutions
Help us to help you! When responding to advertising please mention that you ‘saw it in Pitchcare’
126
Soft, non slip honeycomb rubber mats
•Grass protection •Muddy pathways •Slippery surfaces •Gravel containment •Soft grass driveways
•BS:EN 1177 & 7188 certified
Fax: 01483 275341 Email:
info@fieldguard.com
www.fieldguard.com Tel: 01483 275182 SURFACES
Tel: 01933 652235
info@trimaxmowers.co.uk www.trimaxmowers.com
design
international golf course architects
The Workshops, Monyash Road, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1FG, United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 1629 815423 Fax: +44 (0) 1629 814986 SkypeIn: +44 (0) 161 408 5423 Email:
jonathan@gaunt-golf-design.com Web:
www.gaunt-golf-design.com
Senior Member of the European Institute of Golf Course Architects since 1997
GRASS CUTTING MACHINERY
Trimax PegasusS2 Tractor not included ...
... but everything you need for years of superb mowing is!
Gordon Jaaback looks at the role of run-off on grassed sports pitches
M
winter months. In most instances, particularly in the United Kingdom, topsoils are relatively impermeable with high silt and clay content. Infiltration measurements, using a double ring infiltrometer, are negligible, varying between 0.1 and 0.5mm/hr after they have been subject to compaction in wet conditions and have developed a degree of thatch growth. With winter rainfall there is negligible evapotranspiration and, consequently, topsoils take in moisture slowly. Having a high water holding capacity they can retain a wet and plastic condition throughout the winter. Hence, the rapid removal of surplus surface water is required soon after rain and before water softens the pitch surface; the object being to make pitches playable within the shortest time thereafter.
Water run-o off on the pitch
Water run-off is not easily gauged, though it is very evident after heavy rainfall with the development of ponded areas on uneven ground. Whilst the preparation of the subsoil prior to topsoil replacement, and the ongoing level of maintenance, all influence the infiltration capacity of sports pitches, there remains a point at which there is run-off of surplus surface water. Once rainfall begins a proportion is withheld within the grass cover.
sports pitches varies from 25 to 35mm for football and 50 to 75mm for rugby. Though no measurements appear to have been recorded, the top growth, including the surface litter and thatch, retains a considerable
The height of grass growth on
uddy football pitches are common throughout Europe during the wet
volume of water adsorbed to the plant surface, and this could be in the region of 2 to 4mm over the playing area. Micro- irregularities, including foot depressions, must further retain water that eventually infiltrates into the soil. This volume could also amount to in the region of 4 to 5mm. Finally, some water evaporates, some infiltrates into the soil or is contained in surface slit drains. Referred to as abstractions, the sum of these retentions must be complete before run-off commences and, to summarise, there would probably be at least 8 to 12mm falling in the first hour before any significant water reaches lateral drains and is discharged from site. Slit drains function as a
bypass system in impermeable topsoils. However, positive surface run-off must occur for surplus water to reach the slits, even though they are a short distance apart. Without it water is simply retained on the surface. Calculations, employing a modified Hooghoudt’s formula, can be made to estimate the rate of removing surface water using close spaced slit drains. Expectedly, the rate of removal in slit drains is much less than would be possible in a permeable sand rootzone, and capacities of slit drains are generally estimated over 24 hours, with the drainage of not much more than 100mm in a day. For effective run-off from a
pitch to be initiated after abstractions are complete, there must naturally be an even grade to specified tolerances and a positive gradient in the playing area. A minimum gradient of 1:70 is needed for satisfactory run-off. Adams and Gibbs further maintain a diagonal fall of
Page 1 |
Page 2 |
Page 3 |
Page 4 |
Page 5 |
Page 6 |
Page 7 |
Page 8 |
Page 9 |
Page 10 |
Page 11 |
Page 12 |
Page 13 |
Page 14 |
Page 15 |
Page 16 |
Page 17 |
Page 18 |
Page 19 |
Page 20 |
Page 21 |
Page 22 |
Page 23 |
Page 24 |
Page 25 |
Page 26 |
Page 27 |
Page 28 |
Page 29 |
Page 30 |
Page 31 |
Page 32 |
Page 33 |
Page 34 |
Page 35 |
Page 36 |
Page 37 |
Page 38 |
Page 39 |
Page 40 |
Page 41 |
Page 42 |
Page 43 |
Page 44 |
Page 45 |
Page 46 |
Page 47 |
Page 48 |
Page 49 |
Page 50 |
Page 51 |
Page 52 |
Page 53 |
Page 54 |
Page 55 |
Page 56 |
Page 57 |
Page 58 |
Page 59 |
Page 60 |
Page 61 |
Page 62 |
Page 63 |
Page 64 |
Page 65 |
Page 66 |
Page 67 |
Page 68 |
Page 69 |
Page 70 |
Page 71 |
Page 72 |
Page 73 |
Page 74 |
Page 75 |
Page 76 |
Page 77 |
Page 78 |
Page 79 |
Page 80 |
Page 81 |
Page 82 |
Page 83 |
Page 84 |
Page 85 |
Page 86 |
Page 87 |
Page 88 |
Page 89 |
Page 90 |
Page 91 |
Page 92 |
Page 93 |
Page 94 |
Page 95 |
Page 96 |
Page 97 |
Page 98 |
Page 99 |
Page 100 |
Page 101 |
Page 102 |
Page 103 |
Page 104 |
Page 105 |
Page 106 |
Page 107 |
Page 108 |
Page 109 |
Page 110 |
Page 111 |
Page 112 |
Page 113 |
Page 114 |
Page 115 |
Page 116 |
Page 117 |
Page 118 |
Page 119 |
Page 120 |
Page 121 |
Page 122 |
Page 123 |
Page 124 |
Page 125 |
Page 126 |
Page 127 |
Page 128 |
Page 129 |
Page 130 |
Page 131 |
Page 132 |
Page 133 |
Page 134 |
Page 135 |
Page 136 |
Page 137 |
Page 138 |
Page 139 |
Page 140