Livestock Management RANCHING
specifi c needs. The injectable mineral may cause injection site lesions and may dampen the calves’ response to vaccines due to infl ammation.
Critical 2 weeks An upon-arrival trace mineral program is necessary because the stocker
operator may not know the management policies at the calves’ previous location. Or the calves may have come from a number of different loca- tions, and that alone can increase the risk of disease. Spire says, “Cattle that are put together by a marketing service, or
mixed at an order buyer’s facility and then shipped, have a lot higher risk of disease — not from the way they were handled at those facilities, but because when we start mixing populations of cattle, we have a good opportunity to start sharing viruses and bacteria.” On the other hand, while the risk of respiratory infection is lower if
calves come from a single source, the “bugs” they’re either carrying or exposed to in their new environment could be activated. Spire says even in operations with an inherently low virus or low
bacterial population, “As soon as we put stressors on the animals — the stress of hauling, the stress of mixing cattle, the stress of adapting to the new pens, or new feeds or new water, at their new location — it seems to activate the viruses and the bacteria. Whether they’re commingled and brought in as mixed cattle or come from a single source, those fi rst 2 weeks are absolutely critical in how we manage the calves.” Knowing the vaccination history of the animals is valuable. When
they’re processed upon arrival at the forage facility or stocker operation, the personnel can know the calves are now receiving boosters and less risk of illness can be expected. Knowing the history of the calves’ health program allows the experi-
enced operator to look for weaknesses in the prior vaccination program and be prepared to address diseases they’ve seen in the past upon deliv- ery of the calves. “If we don’t know their vaccination history, then we don’t know what
level of immunity a calf may have,” Spire says. “So we tend to give a lot of components within a vaccine. That really adds to the complexity of stimulating the immune system and having a calf that’s receptive to ac- tivation of the immune system.” Ranchers handling newly-shipped cattle should be aware of infectious
bovine rhinotracheitis virus (IBR or “rednose”), multiple strains of the bovine viral diarrhea (BVD) virus, and 2 bacterial diseases, Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica. Depending on the operation, vaccines may also be needed for bovine
Copyright © 1996, 2011 Intervet Inc, a subsidary of Merck & Co., Inc.
respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfl uenza-3 (PI-3), and Histophilus somni. And if the males have to be castrated, clostridial diseases, which tend to infect wounds, can produce a systemic and often fatal risk. These organisms include Clostridium septicum, C chauvoei, C perfringens, C novyi, and C sordellii. Spire says a typical program for newly arrived calves will incorporate a 5-way viral, a multi-component Pasteurella/Mannheimia vaccine and a multi-component blackleg vaccine. Calves should also be dewormed upon arrival. If the history of the cattle is unknown, Spire says, “They may be coming from multiple parts
58 The Cattleman September 2014
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