cholesterol, smoking and lack of physical activity Early detection of obesity in an individual, which predisposes to diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases Early detection of abnormalities in certain organs with better outcomes and improved mortality, morbidity or quality of life as a result of screening. The benefits of screening outweigh any harm and the cost of case finding (including diagnosis and treatment of patients diagnosed) Early detection of laboratory investigations denoting early stages of chronic diseases such as mild elevation of blood sugar denoting a pre-diabetic stage. Early medical intervention at this stage would delay the appearance of diabetes mellitus Saving of medical resources and budgets needed for patients with chronic diseases and cases of cancers.
VARIOUS INVENTIONS USED IN HEALTH PROMOTION Screening for pre-symptomatic disease, risk factors Interventions to prevent disease: Immunizations Chemoprevention Counselling, education for a healthier lifestyle.
ARE ALL WELLNESS PROMOTION PROGRAMMES RESTRICTED TO THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL? No, it is not restricted to the individual level, as many countries use wellness promotion programmes to combat chronic diseases as diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases at the community level by creating national programmes to modify the lifestyle of the whole population. Good examples are: The DEHKO Programme (Development Programme for the Prevention and Care of Diabetes in Finland 2000-2010): The Population Strategy aimed at promoting the health of the entire population by means of nutritional interventions and increased physical activity so that the risk factors for type 2 diabetes, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome, are reduced in all age groups North Karelia Project in Finland: A successful prevention programme of non- communicable diseases through a dramatic
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change in people’s dietary habits by decreasing butter use and salt intake. The message is clear as a well-planned and determined community-based programme can have a major impact on lifestyles and risk factors, and that such a development really leads quite rapidly to reduce non-communicable diseases rates in the community.
MORE READING Family physicians have to update their medical knowledge in wellness promotion by regularly attending family medicine conferences and by reviewing evidence- based protocols that are available on many international websites such as: US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) The Canadian guide to clinical preventive health care (Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care) Handbook For The Management Of Health Information In Private Medical Practice (Australian) Guidelines for Preventive Activities in General Practice (The Red Book), 6th Edition American College of Physicians
American Cancer Society Centers for
Disease Control (CDC) UK
National Health Services.
UK National Screening Committee. Available at: www.nsc.nhs. uk/
index.htm. World Health Organisation. Screening for various cancers. Geneva: World Health Organisation The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners National Standing Committee – Quality Care. Smoking, nutrition, alcohol and physical activity (SNAP): A population health guide to behavioural risk factors in general practice. Melbourne: RACGP, 2004. ■
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