Cell biology
from the name, hydrogels possess high water con- tent but also contain cross-linked natural base materials such as agarose, collagen, fibrin or hyaluronic acid. The consistency of such gels can be modified to support preferential cell growth and function. Hydrogels surround cells in an arti- ficial extracellular matrix environment and can include the incorporation of biological active mol- ecules such as laminin12, and changing the physi- cal parameters of the scaffold such as charge13. Several hydrogel-based products are available commercially such as Matrigel™ (BD Biosciences), a popular animal derived product, and Extracell™ (Glycosan Biosystems), a chemi- cally defined hyaluronan-based substrate. Injectable hydrogels have proven to be successful for tissue repair8. Hydrogels have been used to support 3D cell culture including the classic tubule and duct cell assay14. Such gels are often used as a film within which a degree of 3D cell culture can occur but their routine use may be restricted by various practical issues including expense, shelf- life, gel preparation and inconsistency.
Biodegradable materials
One of the early most successful approaches to enable 3D cell growth involved the use of biodegradable polymers such as poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid) and their co-polymers (poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)15. These types of material have proven useful during transplantation, for example, to encourage tissue regeneration and repair of artic- ular cartilage16. Degradation of such materials occurs over time enabling integration of co-trans- planted cells with surrounding host tissues. However, degradation of materials and release of products can result in changes in the chemical bal- ance of the local micro-environment which can impact on cell growth. For routine 3D cell culture, biodegradability is not necessarily a useful feature and there are shelf life issues where improper stor- age of a biodegradable product can render it useless. Furthermore, investigators generally try to reduce the number of variables in an experiment to focus on a key factor, however, this is more difficult in an in vitro study where the scaffold is degrading and potentially influencing how the cells are functioning.
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